本論文探討「認知不公」（epistemic injustice）。分析年齡、性別與種族偏見如何隱性地影響社會互動與制度結構。本研究以 Miranda Fricker 的知識不正義理論為核心框架，透過兩部改編自真實事件的電影——韓國電影《69歲》（An Old Lady, 2019）與美國電影《關鍵少數》（Hidden Figures, 2016）來檢視證詞不正義（testimonial injustice）與詮釋不正義（hermeneutical injustice）的表現形式。
第一個案例分析探討《69歲》中一位年長女性在報案後遭遇的可信度貶損（credibility deficit）。透過 Fricker 的證詞不正義概念，本研究揭示社會對高齡女性的偏見如何妨礙其作為知識主體的可信度。此外研究亦結合 Gaile Pohlhaus Jr. 的「社會契約與協調性無知」（social contract and coordinated ignorance）概念，說明制度性忽視如何強化知識邊緣化與沉默機制。
第二個案例分析則聚焦於《關鍵少數》中 1960 年代美國太空總署（NASA）的非裔女性科學家，探討性別與種族偏見如何形成「無意識的雙重標準」（unintentional double standards），使非裔女性的專業貢獻被系統性低估。本研究透過 Fricker 與 José Medina 的理論，分析詮釋抵抗（hermeneutical resistance）與美德式傾聽（virtuous listening）如何作為可能的應對策略，以減緩知識不公正的影響。
本研究透過哲學理論與電影文本的對話，揭示認知不公在日常生活中的運作方式，並重新檢視整體社會與文化如何分配可信度。最終，本文主張提高人們在生活中對負面偏見的意識。盡可能從自身開始鬆動那些根深蒂固的認知不公。減少社會中因身份差異而產生的不公正現象。

This thesis examines the theme of epistemic injustice by analyzing how biases related to age, gender, and race subtly shape social interactions and institutional structures. Drawing upon Miranda Fricker’s theory of epistemic injustice as the primary framework, this study explores the manifestations of testimonial and hermeneutical injustice through two films based on real events ― the Korean film An Old Lady (2019) and the American film Hidden Figures (2016).
The first case study, examined in Chapter One, investigates the “credibility deficit” faced by an elderly woman in “An Old Lady” after reporting sexual assault. Through Fricker’s concept of testimonial injustice, this study demonstrates how social biases against older women hinder their credibility as epistemic agents. Additionally, Gaile Pohlhaus Jr.’s concept of “social contract and coordinated ignorance” is incorporated to explain how institutional neglect reinforces epistemic marginalization and silencing. The second case study, analyzed in Chapter Two, focuses on “Hidden Figures,” which depicts the experiences of African American women working at NASA in the 1960s. This chapter explores how gender and racial biases create “unintentional double standards,” leading to the systemic undervaluation of African American women’s contributions. Through the theories of Fricker and José Medina, this study examines how hermeneutical resistance and virtuous listening serve as potential strategies to counteract epistemic injustice.
By integrating philosophical theories with cinematic narratives, this research reveals how epistemic injustice operates in everyday life and calls for a reassessment of how credibility is distributed within social and institutional contexts. Ultimately, this study aims to appeal to greater awareness and systemic reform to reduce the injustices caused by epistemic biases.

Abstract...i
Chinese Abstract...ii
Acknowledgement...iii
Table of Contents...iv
INTRODUCTION...1
Research problem and thematic case studies...1
Research motivation...2
Methodological approach and thesis aim...3
Thesis structure ...4
Clarifications on research scope...5
CHAPTER ONE...7
Section 1....8
Section 2...13
Section 3 ...16
Conclusion...23
CHAPTER TWO...26
Section 1...28
Section 2...32
Conclusion...35
CONCLUSIONS...39
Work cited...43

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Film references:
An Old Lady, Directed by Lim Sun-ae, Kirin Productions, 2019
Hidden Figures, Directed by Theodore Melfi, 20th Century Studios, 2016