"Witch craze" (also known as "witch-hunts") in this thesis connotes the witch craze and witch-hunts that raged throughout Europe from the 16th to 18th century and New England in the 17th century, as well as the much later feminist craze for the female subject through research into that period of witch-hunting, often centering upon the misery of the hunted woman victims, brutality of male hunters, and, most important of all, patriarchal injustice to women.
As “witch-hunt” has already been generalized into a label that could be easily applied to any (self-proclaimed?) oppressed group, especially to women as a group, the present thesis would like to examine the formation of this witch-hunt discourse and re-consider the terms being constructed. This thesis also hopes to present the diversity among the different subjects who had come to share the same label of the “witch,” and to find different definitions for the witches and witch-related subjects under study by so-called “gender-blind” male researchers. Such a survey of witch-hunt researches as well as historical documents may provide us with a better understanding not only of the witch as one of the most mysterious historical subjects, but also of the various roles women have played and are still playing in witch-hunts and other similar historical events.

Abstract
"Witch craze" (also known as "witch-hunts") in this thesis connotes the witch craze and witch-hunts that raged throughout Europe from the 16th to 18th century and New England in the 17th century, as well as the much later feminist craze for the female subject through research into that period of witch-hunting, often centering upon the misery of the hunted woman victims, brutality of male hunters, and, most important of all, patriarchal injustice to women.
As “witch-hunt” has already been generalized into a label that could be easily applied to any (self-proclaimed?) oppressed group, especially to women as a group, the present thesis would like to examine the formation of this witch-hunt discourse and re-consider the terms being constructed. This thesis also hopes to present the diversity among the different subjects who had come to share the same label of the “witch,” and to find different definitions for the witches and witch-related subjects under study by so-called “gender-blind” male researchers. Such a survey of witch-hunt researches as well as historical documents may provide us with a better understanding not only of the witch as one of the most mysterious historical subjects, but also of the various roles women have played and are still playing in witch-hunts and other similar historical events.

Contents
Chapter One Introduction……………………………………………………….… 1
I. Witch-hunts and related discourses……………………………... 2
II. Modern Renditions of Witch-Hunt History………………….… 8
III. Sexual Agency of the Hunted Witches………………………. 12
Chapter Two Witch-Craze: The Quest for the Female Subject in Feminist Witch-hunt Studies……………………………………………….. 13
I. The Dominant Feminist Voice in Witch-hunt Studies: Radical Feminists and their Followers………………………………. 16
II. Other Feminist Researchers and Female Researchers with a Gender Vision……………………………………………..… 26
III. Feminist Witch Studies that Centers on the Witch Herself….. 30
Chapter Three Different Witch Identities and Their Potential Empowerment by Non-Feminist Witch-Hunt Studies……………………………….. 37
I. Hugh Trevor-Roper: Witches as an Unassimilable Social Group with Their “Subjective Reality,” and the Counterpart of St. Teresa……………………………………………………….. 37
II. Joseph Klaits: Witches and Those Bewitched were Not Sacrificial Lambs but Climbers of the Social Ladder………. 47
III. Brian Levack: Witches were Rebels and Non-conformists in the Male-dominant Society…………………………………. 51
Chapter Four Conclusion………………………………………………………... 55
Works Consulted……………………………………………………………………. 60

Works Consulted
王儀君 〈尋巫的社會意義︰論《艾德門屯巫婆》劇中之律法、權勢和行為規範〉， 《中外文學》第二十四卷第三期，1995年8月。
李貞德 〈Anne Llewellyn Barstow, Witchcraze: A New History of the European Witch Hunts〉，《新史學》十卷三期，1999年9月。
張逸帆 〈科學之性別政治︰獵巫、醫學與男性宰制──閱讀兩部英國女性主義劇作〉，《中外文學》第二十六卷第八期，1998年1月。
Ankarloo, Bengt, and Gustav Henningsen, ed. Early Modern European Witchcraft: Centres and Peripheries. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.
Armstrong, Isobel, ed. New Feminist Discourses: Critical Essays on Theories and texts. London and New York: Routledge ,1992.
Barstow, Anne Llewellyn. Witchcraze: A New History of the European Witch Hunts. San Francisco: Pandora, 1994.
Boyer, Paul, and Stephen Nissenbaum. Salem Possessed: The Social Origins of Witchcraft. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.
Castro, Ginette. American Feminism: A Contemporary History. Trans. Elizabeth Loverde-Bagwell. New York: New York University Press, 1990.
Daly, Mary. Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism. Boston: Beacon Press, 1978.
Demos, John Putnam. Entertaining Satan: Witchcraft and the Culture of early New England. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.
Ding, Nai-Fei. “Cats, Flies and Feminisms in Taiwan.” The 2000 Inter-Asia Cultural Studies Conference. Fukuoka, December 1-3, 2000.
Dworkin, Andrea. Intercourse. New York: The Free Press, 1987.
Ehrenreich, Barbara and Deirdre English. Witches, Midwives, and Nurses: A History of Women Healers. Old Westbury, NY: Feminist Press, 1973.
---. For her Own Good: 150 Years of the Experts’ Advice to Women. New York: Doubleday, 1978.
Easlea, Brian. Witch Hunting, Magic, and the New Philosophy: An Introduction to Debates of the Scientific Revolution 1450-1750. Sussex: The Harvester Press, 1980.
Flint, Valerie I. J. The Rise of Magic: In Early Medieval Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.
Ginzburg, Carol. The Night Battle: Witchcraft and Agrarian Cults in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Originally published in 1966. Translated by John and Anne Tedeschi. New York: Penguin Books, 1983.
Godbeer, Richard. The Devil’s Dominion: Magic and Religion in Early New England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Goode, Erich and Nachman Ben-Yahuda. Moral Panics: The Social Construction of Deviance. Oxford and Cambridge: Blackwell, 1994.
Hester, Marianne. Lewd Women and Wicked Witches: A Study of the Dynamics of Male Domination. London: Routledge, 1992.
Hoffman, Alice. Practical Magic. New York: Berkly Books, 1995.
Jankowski, Theodora A. Women in Power in the Early Modern Drama. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992.
Karlsen, Carol F. The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England. New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1998.
Klaits, Joseph. Servants of Satan: The Age of the Witch Hunts. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1985.
Klanicay, Gábor. The Uses of Supernatural Power: The Transformation of Popular Religion in Medieval and Early-Modern Europe. Trans. Susan Singerman. Ed. Karen Margolis. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990.
Larner, Christina. Enemies of God: The Witch-hunt in Scotland. London: Chatto & Windus, 1981. Edinburgh: John Donald, 2000.
Levack, Brian P. The Witch-hunt in Early Modern Europe. London and New York: Longman, 1987.
MacDonald, Michael, ed. Witchcraft and Hysteria in Elizabethan London: Edward Jordan and the Mary Glover Case. London and New York: Routledge, 1991.
Monter, E. William, ed. European Witchcraft. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1969.
Murray, Margaret. The God of the Witches. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1931.
---. The Witch-Cult in Western Europe: A Study in Anthropology. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1921.
Purkiss, Diane. The Witch in History: Early Modern and Twentieth-century Representations. London and New York: Routledge, 1996.
Reis, Elizabeth. Damned Women: Sinners and Witches in Puritan New England. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1997.
Rosen, Barbara, ed. Witchcraft. New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1972.
Sallmann, Jean-Michel. “Witches.” Trans. Arthur Goldhammer. Ed. Natalie Zemon Davis and Arlette Farge. A History of women in the West. Rome and Bari: Gius. Laterza & Figli Spa, 1991. 1994.
Scarre, Geoffrey. Witchcraft and Magic in sixteenth- and Seventeenth- Century Europe. London: Macmillan, 1987.
Summers, Montague, ed. The Malleus Maleficarum of Heinruch Kramer and James Sprenger. New York: Dover Publications, 1971.
Todd, Janet. Feminist Literary History. New York: Routledge, 1988.
Trevor-Roper, H. R. The European Witch-Craze of the Sixteen and Seventeenth Centuries and Other Essays. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1969.
Wiltenburg, Joy. Disorderly Women and female Power in the Street Literature of Early Modern England and Germany. Charlottesville and London: University Press of Virginia, 1992.