本論文是在關於創傷的議題下，結合精神分析和歷史作為研究方式。論文處理現代主義作家亨利‧詹姆士「碧廬冤孽」中，有關歷史的危機、純真的喪失、以及心靈界限之突破與隨之而生的鬼魅等議題。我將以此為出發點去深入探討精神分析以及文本中的問題。
論文第一章先介紹「碧廬冤孽」各種詮釋的爭議。此外，論文會檢視歷史背景，因為對於現代主義作家，特別是詹姆士而言，「現代」的到來一直是作品重要的根源。第二章會分析現代主義中真實以及再現的問題，由於詹姆士身為一個現代主義者，在他的作品中涉及這些議題是不可避免的。接著，真實與再現的議題，會藉由書中主角女家庭教師費解的撞鬼經驗，進行文本的討論與詮釋。第三章則分析歷史與心理上的弔詭，作用於作家詹姆士以及他投射在書中的角色；女家庭教師上。本論文主張作品中鬼魂的現身是詹姆士與家庭女教師兩人創傷心理狀態下的產物。第二章和第三章的文本則分別會由幻想和創傷的角度進行詮釋。最後，在結論部分會再次強調本論文的目的：消弭精神分析和歷史的衝突並給予它們機會進行對話。

The major research of this thesis will be the connection of psychoanalysis and history with regard to the issue of trauma. It deals with the modernist text of Henry James, The Turn of the Screw, which relates to the crisis of the history, the loss of innocence and the questioning of the limits of the psyche. This is the starting point of my probe into the foundation both of psychoanalysis and the texts in question.
Chapter one introduces an array of interpretations of The Turn of the Screw. In addition, historical background at the turn of “the modern age” is examined since it is the seed of the modernist works, especially for James. In chapter two, the issue of reality and representation are teased out in the context of modernism. It is unavoidable for a modernist such as James to wish to wrestle with these concerns within his works. Then, the problems of reality and representation are discussed and complicated further by the main character, the governess, for her enigmatic experience of seeing the ghost. The third chapter analyses the historical and psychological uncanniness in relation to the writer, James and the character, the governess, he translates into literary terms. It argues that the relevance of the ghosts is the consequence of the traumatic mental conditions both for James and the governess. Moreover, the second and third chapter interpret The Turn of the Screw respectively from the angles of phanatasy and trauma. Finally, the conclusion reiterates the purpose of this thesis: Only a reading of The Turn of the Screw which tries to bring together the conflicts between psychoanalysis and history can give them an opportunity to enter into a dialogue.

Table of Contents

English Abstract.............................i
Chinese Abstract.............................ii
Acknowledgement..............................iii

Introduction.................................1

Chapter 1: Crisis Begins

Literature Review and the Theoretical Approach..18
Historical Transition from the Victorian Age to
Modern Times...23

Chapter 2: Reality and James’s works

Reality and Representation in History and
Psychoanalysis...30
Phantasy and Reality in The Turn of the Screw..37

Chapter 3: Devils Disclosed; Unsealed Eyes

The Uncanny Ghost and the Uncanny Governess..59
From Crisis to Trauma; From the Governess to
James...73
Modernist Spectre of The Turn of the Screw...81

Conclusion: To Turn the Screw Again................89

Works Cited………………………………………………………………………………91

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