本研究探討了中文的長距離反身代詞(long-distance reflexives)與埃維語中的自指代詞(logophoric pronoun)的相同和相異之處。長距離反身代詞，如中文的「自己」，可以指涉超出其管轄範疇(governing category)的先行詞，這對於喬姆斯基的約束條件A(Binding condition A)和管轄約束理論(Binding Theory)構成了挑戰。另一方面，在非洲語言中出現的自指代詞(logophoric pronoun)，例如埃維語中的je，用於報告句子內部主體的言語、思想或感受，其先行詞同樣超出其管轄範疇。兩者在態度子句的環境下有著非常相似的表現，因此常常被當作同一種代名詞。
基於Speas, M. (2004) 和Nishigauchi, T. (2014)的觀點，句法上此研究句分析「自己」是被不同態度動詞相關的觀點詞組(Point of View Phrases)的主語所約束，而此主語是一個視角轉移運算符(perspective shift operator)。這一機制將視角從說話者轉移到內部主體，造成「自己」必須要自我指稱 (de se)，並避免在同一句中出現視角固定於外部說話者的代詞「我」和「你」。另一方面，埃維語中的je作為語意變數被自指運算符所約束，表現出與長距離反身代詞不同的行為。此研究顯示，雖然「自己」和je在某些特定環境下有相似的表現，實質上是相當不同的兩種代名詞。

This study explores the similarities and differences between long-distance reflexives (LDR) in Mandarin Chinese and logophoric pronouns in Ewe. Long-distance reflexives, such as Mandarin's ziji, can refer to antecedents outside their governing category, challenging Chomsky's Binding Condition A (BCA) and the Binding Theory. On the other hand, logophoric pronouns found in African languages, such as Ewe's je, are used to report the speech, thoughts, or feelings of an internal protagonist, with their antecedents also lying outside their governing category. These pronouns often appear similar in attitude clause environments, leading to the misconception that they function identically.
Based on the views of Speas, M. (2004) and Nishigauchi, T. (2014), the study syntactically analyzes ziji as being bound by the subjects of point-of-view (POV) phrases associated with different attitude verbs. These subjects act as perspective shift operators, transferring the perspective from the speaker to an internal protagonist, necessitating a de se reading for ziji and avoiding the use of perspective-fixed pronouns like wo (I) and ni (you) in the same sentence. Conversely, Ewe's je operates as a semantic variable bound by a logophoric operator, exhibiting different behavior from long-distance reflexives. This study reveals that while ziji and je appear similar in certain contexts, they are fundamentally different types of pronouns.

摘要……………………………………………………………………..............................IV
ABSTRACT....................................................V
致謝辭………………………………………………………………...............................VI
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………… .................IX

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………......................1
1.1 Research question…………………………………………………....................1
1.2 Basic distribution of ziji……………………………………................4

CHAPTER 2 PREVIOUS RESEARCH………………………………...................9
2.1 Aspects of logophorcity (Sells, Peter 1987)…............9
2.2 Constraints on reflexivization in Mandarin Chinese
(Pan, Haihua 1997)………………………………………………........................16
2.3 Logophoricity, attitudes, and Ziji at the interface
(Huang & Liu 2020)………………………………………………........................23

CHAPTER 3 MANDARIN REFLEXIVE PRONOUN ZIJI……………............31
3.1 Local binding for the long-distance ziji…………………………….....31
3.2 POV projections…………………………………………………......................34
3.3 Perspective shift and ziji…………………………………………………...........39
3.3.1 Ziji as an indexical…………………………………………..................39
3.3.2 The perspective shift operator………………………………............43
3.4 De se reading of ziji………………………………………………………..............45
3.5 blocking effect…………………………………………………….....................48
3.5.1 Controllers…………………………………………………........................55
3.6 Semantic for the perspective shift operator……….........…56
3.6.1 Semantic for ziji and the perspective shift operator……56
3.6.2 Blocking Effect and Semantic……………………………...............59
3.7 Yinwei and LD ziji……………………………………………………..................61
3.8 Lai/qu and LD ziji……………………………………………………….................68

CHAPTER 4 EWE LOGOPHORIC PRONOUN JE……………………...............74
4.1 Introducing the Ewe data…………………………………………................74
4.2 A logophoric operator for je……………………………………………...........77
4.3 Comparison of LD ziji and LP je………………………………………..........83
4.3.1 Difference between ziji and je…………………………………...........83
4.3.2 Syntactic binding and semantic binding………………….........85
4.3.3 de se, de re and blocking effect……………………………...........86

CHAPTER 5 FUTURE DIRECTION………………………………....................87

REFERENCE ……………………………………………………………...........................89

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