本研究試圖以實驗的角度探討台灣語者分辨清濁音的能力，以及基本頻率對於濁音感知的作用。一般而言，在分辨清濁音時，最主要的線索是發聲起始時間(Voice Onset Time)，然而過去的研究發現濁音後元音的基本頻率(F0)會偏低，而清音後元音的基本頻率會偏高，且在感知實驗中，輔音性質和基本頻率相衝突會導致反應時間(RT)增長，因此這種分別也能成為分辨清濁音的線索。此外，這種分別可能是聲調產生的源頭。
本研究的兩個感知實驗欲探討台灣語者在不同的語言背景下，其感知是否會因基本頻率的高低或其他輔音的性質受到影響。實驗受試者為台語母語者及非台語母語者各10人，透過兩個感知實驗收集受試者的回應及反應時間，並將數據結果予以統計分析。結果顯示台灣語者的回應僅於感知模糊的(ambiguous)刺激項時，輕微受到基本頻率影響，其受到基本頻率的影響遠不如英語語者。唯有在刺激項的第一共振峰遷移長度(F1 transition duration)較長時，受試者的回應會明顯受到基本頻率影響。此外受試者的反應時間也會輕微受到基本頻率影響，然而該影響不因第一共振峰遷移長度的變化有所改變。
本研究為第一個探討基本頻率對於台灣語者濁音感知的研究，實驗結果使我們對台灣語者感知非母語輔音的能力有更深入的理解，希望本研究能對台灣語者在學習有濁音的語言時能夠有所幫助，或對有濁音語言的教學者有所啟發。

This study aims to investigate the ability of Taiwanese speakers to distinguish between voiced and voiceless stops with experimental method, as well as the role of fundamental frequency (F0) in the perception of voiced stops. Generally, the primary cue for distinguishing between voiced and voiceless stops is Voice Onset Time (VOT). However, previous research has found that the F0 of vowels following voiced stops tends to be lower, while the F0 of vowels following voiceless stops tends to be higher. Additionally, in perception experiments, a conflict between consonant properties and F0 can lead to an increase in reaction time (RT), suggesting that this difference can also serve as a cue for distinguishing between voiced and voiceless stops. Moreover, this difference might be the origin of tonogenesis.
The two perception experiments in this study aim to explore whether the perception of Taiwanese speakers with different language backgrounds is influenced by fundamental frequency (F0) or other consonantal properties. The experiments involved 10 native Taiwanese Southern Min speakers and 10 Taiwanese Mandarin speakers. The participants' responses and RTs were collected through the two perception experiments, and the data were analyzed statistically. The results indicate that Taiwanese Mandarin speakers' responses were only slightly influenced by F0 in the case of ambiguous stimuli, and the influence of F0 on their perception was much less significant compared to English speakers. It was only when the F1 transition duration of the stimuli was longer that the participants' responses were noticeably affected by F0. The RTs of the participants were also slightly influenced by F0; however, this influence did not vary with changes in the F1 transition duration.
This study is the first to investigate the influence of fundamental frequency on the perception of voiced stops by Taiwanese speakers. The experimental results provide a deeper understanding of Taiwanese speakers' ability to perceive non-native consonants. It is hoped that this research will be beneficial to Taiwanese speakers learning languages with voiced stops and offer insights for educators teaching languages that include voiced stops.

摘要............................................................................................................................................................ I Abstract.....................................................................................................................................................II
誌謝辭.................................................................................................................................................... III
Contents.................................................................................................................................................... V
List of Figures......................................................................................................................................VII List of Tables...................................................................................................................................... VIII
Chapter 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Outline .................................................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 2 Literature review ............................................................................................................ 6
2.1. The cues in laryngeal contrast ...................................................................................... 6
2.2. F0 perturbation effect ...................................................................................................... 7
2.2.1. The physiological mechanism of F0 perturbation effect ............................. 9
2.2.2. The evidence on F0 perturbation effect......................................................... 10 2.2.3. The relation between F0 perturbation effect and tonogenesis ................ 14
2.3. The present study ........................................................................................................... 15
Chapter 3 Perception Experiment 1 ........................................................................................... 17
3.1. Method ................................................................................................................................ 17
3.1.1. Participants ............................................................................................................ 17
3.1.2.Stimuli...................................................................................................................... 18
3.1.3.Procedure................................................................................................................ 20
3.2. Results ................................................................................................................................. 21
3.2.1. Responses............................................................................................................... 21
3.2.2. RT ............................................................................................................................. 24
3.2.3. Confidence level .................................................................................................. 27
3.2.4. RT statistical analysis ......................................................................................... 30
3.3. Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 33
Chapter 4 Perception Experiment 2 ........................................................................................... 38
4.1. Method ................................................................................................................................ 38
4.1.1. Participants ............................................................................................................ 38
4.1.2. Stimuli..................................................................................................................... 39
4.1.3. Procedure................................................................................................................ 43
4.2. Results ................................................................................................................................. 44
4.2.1. Responses............................................................................................................... 44
4.2.2. RT ............................................................................................................................. 49
4.2.3. Confidence level .................................................................................................. 53
4.2.4. RT statistical analysis ......................................................................................... 58
4.3. Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 60
Chapter 5 General discussion and conclusion ........................................................................ 64
5.1. Summary and comparison of the two experiments........................................... 64
5.2. Limitations and suggestions for future work ....................................................... 67
5.2. Conclusion.......................................................................................................................... 68 References............................................................................................................................................. 71

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