挪威語的元音系統在 1950 至 1970 年間的研究重點為元音與輔音時長、 語調、與同位音變體等探討。儘管這些成果為後人奠定了相當的基礎，複合詞中元音音質變化仍是有待釐清。本論文旨在透過聲學實驗的語料來探討挪威語複合字中的元音音質變化，填補此一空缺，希望能進一步促進挪威語語音研究的深度與廣度。
本研究採遠距錄音，受試者皆為來自挪威不同地區的母語者。語料包含單字詞與相對應的複合詞。我們使用SSANOVA統計考驗來比較標的元音的共振峰在不同環境下的差異。結果顯示，在複合詞裡，元音在音質與時長都產生了顯著的變化。本研究的新發現是：複合詞中不僅是重讀元音，連非重讀元音也會產生弱化。此現象應可歸因於元音央化的兩種機制：不到位的構音與凸顯度的降低。此外，本研究也初步發現挪威語的第一調（Accent 1）與第二調（Accent 2）也可能會影響元音音質：聲調除了會影響重音位置以外，也可能會進一步弱化低調的元音。雖然這些發現都有待日後更多的驗證，但是對挪威語聲調、時長與元音音質的互動關係開啟了新的研究方向。

Norwegian vowels have undergone extensive study, particularly during the 1950s and 1970s, focusing on fundamental aspects such as vowel and consonant length, pitch accent, and phonemic/allophonic inventory. Despite this, investigations into vowel quality alterations within compounds have remained largely unexplored. Addressing this gap, this thesis delves into the changes in vowel quality within Norwegian compounds through experimental analysis. Target vowels were recorded both in isolation and within compound contexts, with subsequent SSANOVA analysis revealing statistically significant changes in vowel quality and duration. Contrary to conventional assumptions, both stressed and unstressed vowels within compounds show alterations in vowel quality, attributed to two mechanisms favoring centralization: compression and prominence reduction. Furthermore, additional findings suggest that Norwegian accents 1 and 2 possibly impact vowel quality, with tone influencing stress placement and further reducing vowels in L tone positions. However, further analysis is warranted to validate these observations. These findings offer fresh insights into vowel behavior in compounding, potentially shaping future research directions and pedagogical approaches.

摘要.............................................i
Abstract........................................ii
Acknowledgments.................................iii
List of Figures.................................v
Abbreviations of Technical Terms................vii
Chapter 1 Introduction..........................1
1.1 Overview....................................1
1.2 Norwegian Vowels............................1
1.3 Norwegian Stress and Syllable Structure.....4
1.4 Norwegian Accents...........................5
1.5 Vowel reduction.............................8
1.6 Organization of thesis......................9
Chapter 2 Literature Review.....................11
2.1 Norwegian Phonology and Phonetics...........11
2.1.1 Earlier Descriptions of Norwegian Vowels..11
2.1.2 Comprehensive Research on Norwegian Vowels......12
2.1.3 Current Research on Norwegian Vowels............14
2.1.4 Vowel Reduction Mechanics for Swedish...........15
2.1.5 English prosody in compounds....................17
2.2 Duration and stress shift.........................18
2.2.1 Reduction with Two Mechanisms...................18
2.2.2 Flemming’s Rosa’s Roses.........................21
2.2.3 Hypothesis 1 (H1) vowel reduction via compression......23
2.3 Stress and Tone Interaction..............................24
2.3.1 Intrinsic F0....................................24
2.3.2 Vowel Quality Changes in High and Low Tones.....25
2.3.3 Interaction of stress and tone..................27
2.3.4 Hypothesis 2 (H2) vowel reduction via tonal influence.....29
Chapter 3 Experiment............................................30
3.1 Methods............................................30
3.2 Test Data..........................................31
3.3 Data coding and analyses...........................32
3.3.1. Data screening..................................32
3.3.2. Acoustic analyses...............................33
3.4 Results............................................34
3.4.1 Vowel Plots......................................34
3.4.2 Duration.........................................37
3.4.3 SSANOVA analysis results.........................40
Chapter 4 Discussion...................................61
4.1 Reduction via stress shift and duration............61
4.2 Reduction via tone.................................65
Chapter 5 Concluding Remarks...........................71
5.2 Further Research...................................72
Appendix A.............................................75

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