本研究從聲學和構音的角度探討台灣華語語者在英語作為第二語言(Second Language, L2)中詞重音的相關議題。我們招募了十位受試者，使用電磁構音 儀(Electromagnetic Articulography，EMA)同步錄製聲學及構音數據。動態 時間序列數據分析顯示，重音音節有較大的下顎位移，且舌部構音動態也更為 顯著。就輔音而言，重音音節中的輔音持阻長度(gestural plateau)較長，且達 到峰值速度的時間較快。重音音節中的C-V起始的時間差(C-V lag)也較長。此 外，進一步分析表明，被評為較接近母語發音的受試者在重音和非重音音節之 間的輔音持阻長度差異更大。最後，聲學數據顯示，重音音節普遍具有較高的 基頻(F0)、較高的強度(intensity)和較長的音長(duration)，但第一和第二共振 峰(F1 & F2)則差異有限。本論文初步填補了華語語者產製英語重音構音動態的 空白，對構音語音學及二語習得皆有一定的啟示意義。

In this study involving ten participants, acoustic and articulatory data were simultaneously recorded using electromagnetic articulography (EMA) to investi- gate lexical stress production in L2 English among Taiwanese Mandarin (TWM) speakers. An analysis of dynamic time series data revealed that stressed syllables were most consistently associated with larger jaw displacement; however, there was also evidence of more extreme lingual articulations in stressed syllables. A gestural analysis revealed that syllable-initial consonant gestural plateaus were longer in stressed syllables and reached peak velocity more quickly. Additionally, C-V lag was longer in stressed syllables. Furthermore, speakers judged to be more native-sounding demonstrated a greater discrepancy in plateau duration between stressed and unstressed syllables. The acoustic data revealed that speakers uni- formly produced stressed syllables with higher F0, higher intensity, and longer durations, but showed limited variation in the first and second formants.

Contents
Abstract (Chinese) I Abstract II Acknowledgements III Contents IV List of Figures VIII List of Tables XII
1 Introduction 1
1.1 MainResearchQuestions........................ 2 1.1.1 AcousticAnalysis........................ 2 1.1.2 Gesturalanalysis ........................ 2 1.1.3 Articulatoryanalysis ...................... 3 1.1.4 Accentednessanalysis...................... 3
2 Background 5
2.1 Word-levelprominenceinMandarinChinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2 AcousticandarticulatorycorrelatesinL1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
IV
2.3 Production and perception of L2 English stress by speakers of Man- darinChinese .............................. 7
2.4 Justificationofcurrentstudy...................... 8
3 Methods 9
3.1 Participants............................... 9
3.2 Materials ................................ 9
3.3 Procedure ................................ 10
3.4 Measurements.............................. 11
3.4.1 Acousticmeasurements..................... 11 3.4.2 Articulatorygesturemeasurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.4.3 Articulatory trajectory measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.5 Statisticalanalysisanddatavisualisation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4 Acoustic Results 16
4.1 Meanintensity ............................. 16
4.2 Duration................................. 18
4.3 MeanF0................................. 20
4.3.1 F0trajectories ......................... 22
4.4 FormantTrajectories .......................... 24
4.5 Summaryofacousticresults ...................... 26
5 Gestural Results 28
5.1 Plateau duration of syllable initial consonants . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 5.2 Peakvelocityofsyllableinitialconsonants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 5.3 Amplitudeofsyllableinitialconsonants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
V

5.4 Amplitude normalised peak velocity of syllable initial consonants (stiffness) ................................ 35
5.5 Time to peak velocity of syllable initial consonants (stiffness) . . . . 37
5.6 C-Vlag ................................. 39 5.6.1 StabilityofC-Vlandmarks................... 42
5.7 Summaryofgesturalresults ...................... 43
6 Articulatory Trajectory Results 46
6.1 Results.................................. 47 6.1.1 ‘con’............................... 48 6.1.2 ‘flict’............................... 50 6.1.3 ‘di’................................ 52 6.1.4 ‘gest’............................... 54 6.1.5 ‘pro’ ............................... 55 6.1.6 ‘ject’............................... 57
6.2 Summaryofarticulatorytrajectoryresults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
7 Accentedness 60
7.1 Introduction............................... 60
7.2 Methods................................. 61
7.3 Results.................................. 62
7.3.1 MeanF0............................. 62 7.3.2 Meanintensity ......................... 64 7.3.3 Duration............................. 66 7.3.4 Gesturalplateauduration ................... 68
VI

7.3.5 Peakvelocity .......................... 70 7.3.6 Amplitude-normalised peak velocity (stiffness) . . . . . . . . 72 7.3.7 Timetopeakvelocity(stiffness)................ 74 7.3.8 Distance(amplitude)...................... 76 7.3.9 C-Vlag ............................. 78
7.4 Summary ................................ 80
8 Discussion and Conclusion
82
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