本論文為郡社布農語參考語法，調查地點為南投縣信義鄉東埔村。布農語的形態（morphology）很豐富，因此擁有很多具有獨立語意的詞彙前綴（lexical prefix），而形態過程（morphological process）也相對多元。跟大多數台灣南島語一樣，布農語是一個謂語為首（predicate-initial）的語言。格位標記（case marker）可以省略，論元（argument）的順序也相對重要。在一般直述句中，兩個獨立論元的順序基本上是主事者論元在其他論元之前。布農語有兩個焦點，主事者焦點（actor voice）跟承受者焦點（undergoer voice）；其中承受者焦點又區分為三個次焦點：承受者受事焦點（undergoer voice–patient）、承受者處所焦點（undergoer voice–locative）、承受者周邊焦點（undergoer voice–circumstantial）。在布農語裡面，帶有主事者焦點的動詞可以是及物動詞（transitive verbs）或是非及物動詞（transitive verbs）；承受者焦點動詞一定不是非及物動詞。
本研究共分為十四個章節。第一章介紹布農語的語言分布範圍、人口、郡社方言的文獻回顧，以及本研究的研究方法與動機。第二章討論語音、音韻，和其他相關議題。第三章聚焦在形態單位（morphological unit）和形態過程（morphological processes）。第四章討論布農語的詞類（word class）。第五章和第六章從形態句法角度討論名詞和動詞分類。第七章和第八章探討謂語配價轉換機制（valency-adjusting operations），包含了使動結構（causativity）、互惠結構（reciprocity），以及反身結構（reflexivity）。第九章介紹名詞組結構（noun phrase structure）。第十章詳述代名詞的句法特性。第十一章討論句類（clause type）。第十二章討論否定詞（negator）和否定結構（negative construction）。第十三章研究補語結構（complementation）、附屬結構（subordination），和連接結構（conjunction）。最後一章為結論以及本文貢獻。

This dissertation is a reference grammar of Isbukun Bunun, spoken in the Dongpu village, Hsinyi Township, Nantou County. Isbukun is a language with rich morphology, whereby lexical prefixes and morphological processes are productive. Like most of the Formosan languages, Isbukun is predicate-initial. Case markers are omittable in Isbukun, and the order of arguments is quite important. The order of two free arguments in a canonical declarative clause is basically the actor preceding other arguments. There is a two-way voice system in Isbukun, actor voice (AV) vs. undergoer voice (UV), with the UV sub-divided into three voices (UVP, UVL, and UVC). An AV verb in Isbukun can be transitive or intransitive; a UV verb is never intransitive.
This dissertation consists of fourteen chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the Bunun language, population, and the areas where this language is spoken; the background on the Isbukun dialect is also provided. Besides, the aim of this study and the methodology are also stated in chapter 1. Chapter 2 discusses Isbukun phonology and phonological processes. Morphological units and morphological processes like affixation and reduplication are addressed in chapter 3. Chapter 4 introduces word classes in Isbukun. Nominal morphology and verbal morphology are investigated in chapter 5 and chapter 6 respectively. Chapter 7 and chapter 8 deal with valency-adjusting operations, including causativity, reciprocity, and reflexivity. Chapter 9 focuses on noun phrase structures. Syntax of pronouns is discussed in chapter 10. Chapter 11 and chapter 12 inspect clause types and negative clauses respectively. Complex sentences, consisting of complementation, subordination, and conjunction, are examined in Chapter 13. The final chapter concludes this study and also talks about its contributions.

Abstract i
Chinese abstract (中文摘要) ii
Acknowledgements (誌謝) iii
Table of contents vi
List of tables xvii
List of figures and map xx
List of linguistic subgroups xxi
List of language names xxi
List of abbreviations xxii
List of conventions xxv

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background information 1
1.2 Aim of this study 2
1.3 External subgrouping of Bunun 3
1.3.1 Phonological perspective 3
1.3.2 Lexical perspective 8
1.3.3 Morphological perspective 10
1.4 Internal subgrouping of Bunun 13
1.5 Previous studies on Isbukun Bunun 17
1.6 Methodology 22
1.7 Data collection/fieldwork 24
1.8 Brief outline of the thesis 25

Chapter 2 Phonology 27
2.1 Phonemic inventory 27
2.1.1 Consonants 27
2.1.2 Vowels 36
2.1.2.1 Vowel clusters 37
2.1.2.2 Three-vowel sequences 43
2.2 Diachronic phonology 45
2.3 Loan phonology 47
2.4 Metrical system 49
2.4.1 Syllable structure and syllable types 49
2.4.2 Stress 50
2.4.3 Minimal word constraint 51
2.5 (Morpho)phonological processes 53
2.5.1 Resyllabification 53
2.5.2 Palatalization 54
2.5.3 Final devoicing 55
2.5.4 Metathesis 55
2.5.5 Nasal assimilation 56
2.5.6 Diphthongization 57
2.5.7 Segment deletion 58
2.5.7.1 Consonant deletion 58
2.5.7.2 Vowel deletion 59
2.5.8 Glottal stop epenthesis 60
2.5.9 Vowel raising 61
2.5.10 Gliding and coalescence 61
2.5.11 Positions of and its morphophonological rules 62
2.5.11.1 Placement of 63
2.5.11.2 Idiosyncratic infixed verbal forms 66
2.5.12 Summary 67
2.6 Orthographic system and notations 68

Chapter 3 Morphological units and morphological processes 71
3.1 Morphological units 71
3.1.1 Root 71
3.1.2 Stems 72
3.1.3 Affixes 72
3.1.3.1 Prefixes 73
3.1.3.2 Suffixes 76
3.1.3.3 Infixes 76
3.1.3.4 Circumfixes 77
3.1.3.5 Ordering of affixes 79
3.1.4 Clitics 81
3.1.4.1 Personal pronouns 85
3.1.4.1.1 NOM clitic pronouns 85
3.1.4.1.2 OBL clitic pronouns 86
3.1.4.2 Aspectual/mood markers 87
3.1.4.2.1 Perfect aspect =in 87
3.1.4.2.2 Durative aspect =ang 89
3.1.4.2.3 Irrealis mood na= 90
3.1.4.3 Demonstratives 91
3.1.4.3.1 NOM adnominal demonstrative clitics 91
3.1.4.3.2 OBL adnominal demonstrative clitics 92
3.1.4.4 Case markers 94
3.1.4.5 Other clitics (=bin, ’ana=, =dau) 95
3.1.4.5.1 =bin/=bis 95
3.1.4.5.2 ’ana= 96
3.1.4.5.3 =dau 97
3.1.4.6 Ordering of clitics 98
3.1.4.6.1 Aspectual clitics preceding clitic pronouns 98
3.1.4.6.2 Aspectual clitics preceding/following OBL adnominal
demonstratives 99
3.1.4.6.3 Relative order of clitic pronouns and OBL adnominal
demonstratives 100
3.1.4.6.4 Relative order of aspectual clitics, clitic pronouns,
and OBL adnominal demonstratives 100
3.1.5 Words 101
3.2 Reduplication 102
3.2.1 CV-reduplication 103
3.2.1.1 CV-reduplication on verbal roots 103
3.2.1.2 CV-reduplication on nominal bases 111
3.2.2 Full reduplication 111
3.2.2.1 Verbal roots 112
3.2.2.1.1 Active verbs 112
3.2.2.1.2 Stative verbs 114
3.2.2.2 Nominal roots 118
3.2.3 Lexicalized reduplication 119
3.2.4 Ca-reduplication 120
3.3 Nominal compounding 121

Chapter 4 Word classes 125
4.1 Open classes 125
4.1.1 Nouns 125
4.1.2 Verbs 125
4.1.3 Noun/verb distinctions 126
4.2 Closed class 131
4.2.1 Pronouns 131
4.2.1.1 Personal pronouns 131
4.2.1.1.1 NOM pronouns 135
4.2.1.1.2 OBL pronouns 138
4.2.1.1.3 LOC pronouns 140
4.2.1.1.4 GEN pronouns 141
4.2.1.2 Interrogative pronouns 143
4.2.1.2.1 maz ‘what’ 143
4.2.1.2.2 sima ‘who’ 144
4.2.1.2.3 ’isima ‘whose’ 145
4.2.2 Demonstratives 145
4.2.2.1 Adnominal demonstrative clitics 146
4.2.2.2 Free demonstrative pronouns and determiners 147
4.2.2.3 Demonstrative adverbs 152
4.2.3 Numerals 153
4.2.3.1 Serial counting and cardinal numerals 154
4.2.3.2 Ordinal numerals 156
4.2.4 Modals 157
4.2.5 Adverbs 159
4.2.6 Prepositions 161
4.2.7 Linkers, phrasal, and (inter)clausal elements 163
4.2.7.1 Linkers 163
4.2.7.2 Conjunction 165
4.2.7.2.1 NP coordination and comitativity 165
4.2.7.2.2 VP coordination 167
4.2.7.3 (Inter)clausal elements 167
4.2.7.3.1 masa ‘when’ 168
4.2.7.3.2 mais ‘when/if’ 168
4.2.7.3.3 ’aupa ‘because; so’ 168
4.2.7.3.4 (’ung)haitu ‘but’ 168
4.2.7.3.5 at ‘and (then)’ and ’ungat ‘and (then)’ 169
4.2.7.3.6 musasu ‘in the meanwhile’ 170

Chapter 5 Nominal morphology 172
5.1 Common nouns 174
5.2 Proper nouns 180
5.2.1 Person names and names for ethnic groups 180
5.2.2 Kinship nouns 183
5.3 Locative nouns 192
5.3.1 Toponyms 193
5.3.2 Nouns referring to a location 196
5.3.3 Orientational and directional nouns 199
5.4 Temporal nouns 202
5.5 Derived noun types 206
5.5.1 Action and state nouns 208
5.5.2 Lexical/argument nominalization 211
5.5.2.1 Agent nouns 212
5.5.2.2 Objective nouns 214
5.5.2.3 Locative nouns 219
5.5.2.4 Instrumental nouns 223
5.5.2.5 Manner/reasnon nouns 225
5.6 Derived nouns vs. nouns 226

Chapter 6 Verbal morphology 229
6.1 Voice 229
6.1.1 Voice system 229
6.1.2 Interaction with aspect 235
6.1.3 Interaction with mood 239
6.1.4 Voice markers vs. nominalizers 243
6.2 Verb classification 244
6.2.1 Active verbs 245
6.2.2 Stative verbs 251
6.2.3 Active vs. stative verbs 257
6.2.4 Adverbial verbs 264
6.2.5 Motion verbs 275
6.2.6 Anticausative verbs 277
6.3 Derived verb types 279
6.3.1 Dynamicized verbs 279
6.3.2 Denumeral verbs 281
6.3.2.1 tal- ‘for some day(s)’ 281
6.3.2.2 ka(t)- ‘for some month(s)’ 282
6.3.2.3 pun- ‘for some year(s)’ 283
6.3.2.4 tin- ‘... o’clock’ 284
6.3.3 Denominal verbs 285
6.4 Mood 286
6.5 Aspect 288
6.5.1 Perfective aspect 289
6.5.2 Perfect aspect 290
6.5.3 Imperfective aspect 293
6.5.3.1 Progressive/continuative 294
6.5.3.2 Iterative 295
6.5.3.3 Habitual/frequentative 295
6.5.3.4 Durative 296
6.5.4 Aspectual markers vs. nominalizers 299

Chapter 7 Causativity 300
7.1 General/active causative pa- 301
7.1.1 Types of causative active verbs 302
7.1.1.1 Bare bases 302
7.1.1.2 Affixed bases 303
7.1.1.2.1 Causative denominal verbs 303
7.1.1.2.2 Causative denumeral verbs 304
7.1.1.2.3 Others 306
7.1.2 Co-occurrence with voice markers 307
7.1.3 Co-occurrence with mood/aspectual markers 312
7.1.4 Co-occurrence with imperative markers and negators 317
7.1.4.1 Causative imperative clauses 317
7.1.4.2 Causative negative clauses 319
7.1.5 Double causation 321
7.2 Causative of stativity & causative of location pi- 322
7.2.1 Causative of stativity 322
7.2.1.1 Types of causative stative verbs 323
7.2.1.1.1 Bare bases 323
7.2.1.1.2 Affixed bases 324
7.2.1.1.2.1 Causative denominal verbs 324
7.2.1.1.2.2 Causative denumeral verbs 325
7.2.1.1.2.3 Others 325
7.2.1.2 Co-occurrence with voice markers 326
7.2.1.3 Co-occurrence with mood/aspectual markers 329
7.2.1.4 Co-occurrence with imperative markers and negators 333
7.2.1.4.1 Causative imperative clauses 333
7.2.1.4.2 Causative negative clauses 334
7.2.2 Causative of location 335
7.2.2.1 Nominal bases 335
7.2.2.2 Co-occurrence with voice markers 337
7.2.2.3 Co-occurrence with mood/aspectual markers 339
7.2.2.4 Co-occurrence with imperative markers and negators 341
7.2.2.4.1 Causative imperative clauses 341
7.2.2.4.2 Causative negative clauses 342
7.3 Causative of motion & causative of location pu- and pun- 342
7.3.1 Causative of motion pu- and pun- 342
7.3.1.1 Types of bases 343
7.3.1.2 Co-occurrence with voice markers 345
7.3.1.3 Co-occurrence with mood/aspectual markers 347
7.3.1.4 Co-occurrence with imperative markers and negators 347
7.3.1.4.1 Causative imperative clauses 347
7.3.1.4.2 Causative negative clauses 348
7.3.2 Causative of location pu- and pun- 349
7.4 Other (non-)causative pairs 350
7.5 Causative concord 353

Chapter 8 Reciprocity and reflexivity 355
8.1 Reciprocity 355
8.1.1 Active reciprocals 356
8.1.1.1 Bare bases 356
8.1.1.2 Affixed bases 358
8.1.2 Stative reciprocals 358
8.1.2.1 Bare bases 359
8.1.2.2 Affixed bases 361
8.1.3 Types of reciprocity 361
8.1.4 Co-occurrence with voice markers 363
8.1.5 Co-occurrence with mood/aspectual markers 363
8.1.6 Co-occurrence with imperative markers and negators 367
8.1.6.1 Imperative clauses 367
8.1.6.2 Negative clauses 368
8.1.7 Rciprocal verbs vs. causative verbs 369
8.1.8 Causativized reciprocal verbs 371
8.2 Reflexivity 372
8.2.1 Syntactic category of the reflexive form 372
8.2.2 Reciprocal reflexives and causativized reflexives 375

Chapter 9 Noun phrase structure 377
9.1 NPs involving demonstratives 377
9.1.1 NPs involving adnominal demonstratives 377
9.1.2 NPs involving demonstrative determiners 378
9.2 NPs involving verbal modification 379
9.3 NPs involving numerals 380
9.4 NPs involving measure nouns 382
9.5 NPs involving ‘every’ and ‘all’ 384
9.6 NPs involving genitive pronouns 387
9.7 NPs involving markers indicating possessive relation 389
9.8 Relative clauses 393
9.9 Gerundive NPs 397
9.10 NPs vs. nominal compounds 398
9.11 Coordinated NPs 400

Chapter 10 Syntax of pronouns 404
10.1 Differences and similarities between personal pronouns vs. common
nouns 404
10.2 NOM pronouns 410
10.2.1 Phonologically free but syntactically bound 410
10.2.2 Phonologically and syntactically bound 412
10.2.2.1 Host 413
10.2.2.1.1 Modals 413
10.2.2.1.2 Question words 414
10.2.2.1.3 (Inter)clausal elements 414
10.3 OBL pronouns 415
10.3.1 Phonologically free but syntactically unbound 415
10.3.2 Phonologically and syntactically bound 416
10.4 Other pronouns 417
10.5 Ordering of pronouns 417
10.5.1 Free + free: grammatical case or either order can be possible 418
10.5.2 Free + bound: bound » free 420
10.5.3 Bound +bound: a mixture of various factors 421
10.5.4 Vb=NOM Vb=OBL 423

Chapter 11 Clause types 427
11.1 Nominal clause types 427
11.1.1 Head-initial clauses 428
11.1.1.1 Clauses with nominal predicates 428
11.1.1.2 Clauses with focused NPs 428
11.1.2 Head-final clauses 429
11.1.2.1 Clauses with genitive pronouns 429
11.1.2.2 (Pseudo-)cleft constructions 431
11.2 Verbal clause types 435
11.2.1 Declarative (non-causative) clauses 435
11.2.1.1 AV-marked verbs 436
11.2.1.2 UVP/UVL-marked verbs 437
11.2.1.2 UVC-marked verbs 439
11.2.2 Causative clauses 441
11.2.2.1 Re-encoding of arguments of pa- 441
11.2.2.2 Re-encoding of arguments of pi- 445
11.2.3 Existential/locative/possessive clauses 447
11.3 Interrogative clauses 448
11.3.1 Constituent interrogatives 448
11.3.2 Polar interrogatives 451
11.3.3 Interrogative tags 452
11.3.4 Alternative questions 453

Chapter 12 Negation 454
12.1 Negation in declarative verbal and nominal clauses 455
12.1.1 Negative verbal clauses 455
12.1.2 Negative nominal clauses 456
12.2 Negation in imperative clauses 457
12.2.1 PROH ka 458
12.2.2 PROH.UV ka’av 460
12.2.3 masu ‘no need’ 461
12.3 Negator in existential/possessive/locative constructions 462
12.3.1 Existential and locative constructions 463
12.3.2 Possessive constructions 466
12.4 NEG tu 468
12.4.1 nitu 469
12.4.2 ka tu vs. ka’av vs. masu tu 471
12.4.3 ’uka tu 474
12.5 NEG and PROH in co-occurrence with mood/aspectual markers 477
12.5.1 Negative clauses with aspectual markers 477
12.5.1.1 Perfective 477
12.5.1.2 Durative =ang 478
12.5.1.3 CV-RED: Progressive/habitual/repetitive/continuative 480
12.5.1.4 Perfect =in 480
12.5.2 Negative clauses with the irrealis na= 481
12.6 ’uka ‘not.exist’ in co-occurrence with mood/aspectual markers 482
12.6.1 Perfective 482
12.6.2 Durative =ang 483
12.6.3 Perfect =in 483
12.6.4 Irrealis na= 484
12.7 ka’aun ‘not want’ 484
12.8 Status of negators 486
12.8.1 Non-verbal negative markers 490
12.8.2 Verbal negative markers 492
12.8.2.1 ka’av ‘PROH.UV’and ka’aun ‘not want’ 492
12.8.2.2 ’uka ‘not exist’ 495
12.9 Morphological fusion/prefixation with the negators 496
12.9.1 mini ‘do/does/did not’ 496
12.9.2 kamani/makani ‘not very; not that; rarely’ 497
12.9.3 haipanitu ‘perhaps’ 498
12.9.4 kama’uka/ maka’uka ‘fewer, lesser’ 499

Chapter 13 Complex sentences 500
13.1 Serial verb constructions 500
13.1.1 SVCs with AV-only restriction 500
13.1.2 SVCs without AV-only restriction 507
13.2 Complementation 508
13.2.1 Indicative complement clauses 510
13.2.2 Imperative complement clauses 514
13.3 Serial verb constructions vs. complementation 516
13.4 Subordination 519
13.4.1 Temporal sequencing clauses 519
13.4.2 before-clauses 520
13.4.3 after-clauses 521
13.4.4 masa ‘when’ vs. mais ‘when/if’ 522
13.4.5 Conditional clauses 523
13.4.6 Causal clauses (= ‘because’) 523
13.4.7 Concessive clauses 524
13.5 Conjunction 525

Chapter 14 Conclusion 527
14.1 Summary of thesis 527
14.2 Contributions of thesis 527

Appendix: Texts 528
1. Pine trees 528
2. The dwarves 536
3. The Japanese occupation 545
4. Making wine 549

References 552

References
Adelaar, K. Alexander. 2004. The coming and going of ‘lexical prefixes’ in Siraya.
Language and Linguistics 5(2):333–361.
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2007. Typological distinctions in word-formation. Language
typology and syntactic description III: Grammatical categories and the lexicon,
second edition, ed. by Timothy Shopen, 1–64. New York: Cambridge University
Press.
Allan, Keith. 2007. The Western classical tradition in linguistics. London: Equinox.
Anderson, Stephen R. 2005. Aspects of the theory of clitics. Oxford Studies in
Theoretical Linguistics 11. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Blust, Robert and S. Trussell. On-going. Austronesian Comparative Dictionary,
available at <http://www.trussel2.com/ACD/acd-f_a1.htm>.
Bhat, D. N. S. 1999. The prominence of tense, aspect and mood. Studies in Language
Companion Series 49. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Blust, Robert A. 1977. The Proto-Austronesian pronouns and Austronesian
subgrouping: A preliminary report. University of Hawai‘i Working Papers in
Linguistics 9(2):1–15.
Blust, Robert A. 1998. Ca- reduplication and proto-Austronesian grammar. Oceanic
Linguistics 37(1):29–64.
Blust, Robert A. 1999. Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: Some issues in
Austronesian comparative linguistics. Selected papers from the Eighth
International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, ed. by Elizabeth Zeitoun
and Paul Jen-kuei Li, 31–94. Taipei: Symposium Series of the Institute of
Linguistics (Preparatory Office), Academia Sinica.
Blust, Robert. 2003. Three notes on early Austronesian morphology. Oceanic
Linguistics 42(2):438–478.
Blust, Robert. 2009/2013. The Austronesian languages. Pacific Linguistics 602.
Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Revised and republished by Asia-Pacific Linguistics
online in 2013 [http://pacling. anu. edu. au/materials/Blust2013Austronesian. pdf]
Chang, Chung-yang Marco. 2010. On the interrogative constructions in Isbukun Bunun.
Taipei, Taiwan: National Taiwan Normal University MA thesis.
Chang, Henry Yung-li and Amy Pei-jung Lee. 2002. Nominalization in Kavalan.
Language and Linguistics 3(2):349–368.
Chen, Hsuan-ju. 2014. Minimal word effect in northern Bunun dialects. Presented at
New Ways of Analysing Variation Asia-Pacific 3. May 1–3, 2014. Victoria
University of Wellington, New Zealand.
553
Chen, Sihwei and Jiang Haowen. 2018. Ways of talking about the past: The semantics
of -in- and =in in Bunun. Talk read at The 25th Meeting of the Austronesian Formal
Linguistics Association (AFLA 25), May 10–12, 2018. Academia Sinica, Taipei,
Taiwan.
Clark, Eve. 1978. Locationals: Existential, locative, and possessive constructions.
Universals of Human Languages, vol. 4, Syntax, ed. by J. Greenberg, 85–126.
Standford: Standford University Press.
Comrie, Bernard. 1976. Aspect: An introduction to the study of verbal aspect and
related problems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Comrie, Bernard and Sandra A. Thompson. 2007. Lexical nominalization. Language
typology and syntactic description III: Grammatical categories and the lexicon,
second edition, ed. by Timothy Shopen, 349–398. New York: Cambridge
University Press.
Crowley, Terry. 2002. Serial verbs in Oceanic: A descriptive typology. New York:
Oxford University Press.
Cysouw, Michael. 2005. Morphology in the wrong place: A survey of preposed enclitics.
Morphology and its demarcations: Selected papers from the 11th morphology
meeting, Vienna, February 2004 (Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 264), ed. by
Wolfgang U. Dressler, Dieter Kastovsky, Oskar E. Pfeiffer and Franz Rainer, 17–
36. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Dahl, Östen. 1979. Typology of sentence negation. Linguistics 17:79–106.
Dahl, Otto Christian. 1981. Early phonetic and phonemic changes in Austronesian.
Oslo: Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture.
De Busser, Rik. 2009. Towards a grammar of Takivatan Bunun: Selected topics.
Bundoora, Victoria, Australia: La Trobe University PhD dissertation.
Diessel, Holger. 1999. Demonstratives: Form, function, and grammaticalization.
Typological Studies in Language 42. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Dixon, Robert M. W. 2000. A typology of causatives: Form, syntax and meaning.
Changing valency: Case studies in transitivity, ed. by R. M. W Dixon and
Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, 30–83. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dixon, Robert M. W. 2010. Basic Linguistic Theory I, II. New York: Oxford University
Press.
Dixon, Robert M. W. 2012. Basic Linguistic Theory III. New York: Oxford University
Press.
Dixon, Robert M. W. and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald. 2002. Word: a typological
framework. Word: A cross-linguistic typology, ed. by R. M. W. Dixon and
Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, 1–41. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Egli, Hans. 1990. Paiwangrammatik. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
554
Embick, David and Rolf Noyer. 1999. Locality in post-syntactic operations. Papers on
morphology and syntax, cycle two (MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 34), ed. by
Vivian Lin, Cornelia Krause, Benjamin Bruening and Karlos Arregi, 265–317.
Cambridge: MIT press.
Ernst, Thomas. 2002. The syntax of adjuncts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ferrell, Raleigh. 1969. Taiwan aboriginal groups: Problems in cultural and linguistic
classification. Monograph No. 17. Taipei: Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica.
Freeze, Ray. 1992. Existential and other locatives. Language 68(3):553–595.
Givón, T. 1984. Syntax: A Functional-Typological Introduction, vol. 2. Amsterdam:
John Benjamins.
Hale, Kenneth. 1973. Person marking in Walbiri. A festschrift for Morris Halle, ed. by
Stephen R. Anderson and Paul Kiparsky, 308–344. New York: Holt, Rinehart and
Winston.
Halpern, Aaron L. 1992/1995. On the placement and morphology of clitics. Stanford,
California: Center for the Study of Language and Information.
Harris, Alice C., 2002. Endoclitics and the origin of Udi morphosyntax. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Haspelmath, Martin. 1987. Transitivity alternations of the anticausative type
Arbeitspapier, N.F. 5. Cologne: Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, Institut für
Linguistik, Universität zu Köln.
Haspelmath, Martin. 2007a. Coordination. Language typology and syntactic
description II: Complex constructions, second edition, ed. by Timothy Shopen, 1–
51. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Haspelmath, Martin. 2007b. Further remarks on reciprocal constructions. Reciprocal
constructions, Volume 4, Chapter 50, ed. by Nedjalkov, Vladimir P., 2087–2115.
Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Hayes. 2009. Introductory phonology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
He, Ru-fen, Zeng Si-qi, Li Wen-shu and Lin Qing-chun. 1986. A sketch of the Formosan
native languages (Bunun). Series on Minority Languages in China. Beijing: Minzu.
(in Chinese)
Heine, Bernd and Tania Kuteva. 2007. The genesis of grammar: A reconstruction.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ho, Dah-an. 1998. Genetic relationships among the Formosan languages. Chinese
Studies 16(2):141–171. (in Chinese)
Ho, Dah-an and Hsiu-fang Yang. 2000. Introduction: Austronesian language family and
Formosan languages. Formosan Language Series 1–13, 1–33. Taipei: Yuanliu.
Hockett, Charles F. 1954. Two models of grammatical description. Word 10: 210–234.
Hsieh, Fuhui. 2011. The functions of -an and =ay in Kavalan. Nominalization in Asian
555
languages: Diachronic and typological perspectives, ed. by Foong Ha Yap, Karen
Grunow-Hårsta and Janick Wrona, 499–522. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John
Benjamins.
Hsu, Hui-chuan. 2008. /iu/ and /ui/ in Chinese dialects. Interfaces in Chinese phonology:
festschrift in honor of Matthew Y. Chen on his 70th birthday, ed. by Yuchau Hsiao,
Lian Hee Wee and Dah-an Ho, 121–138. Language and Linguistics Monograph
Series W8. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
Huang, Hui-chuan J. 2005. On the status of onglides in Isbukun Bunun. Concentric:
Studies in Linguistics 31(1):1–20.
Huang, Hui-chuan J. 2006. Resolving vowel clusters: A comparison of Isbukun Bunun
and Squliq Atayal. Language and Linguistics 7(1):1–26.
Huang, Hui-chuan J. 2008. Competition between syllabic and metrical constraints in
two Bunun dialects. Linguistics 46(1):1–32.
Huang, Hui-chuan J. 2015. Syllable types in Bunun, Saisiyat, and Atayal. New advances
in Formosan languages, ed. by Elizabeth Zeitoun, Stacy F. Teng and Joy J. Wu,
47–74. Asia-Pacific Linguistics 017 / Studies in Austronesian Linguistics 003.
Huang, Hui-chuan and Chaokai Shi[h]. 2016. A sketch grammar of Bunun. Series on
Formosan Languages, 6. Taipei: Council of Indigenous Peoples. (in Chinese)
Huang, Lillian M. 1993. A study of Atayal syntax. Taipei: Crane.
Huang, Lillian M. 1997a. The Bunun dialect of Kaohsiung County. The Austronesian
languages of Kaohsiung County, ed. by Paul Jen-kuei Li, 351–409. Kaohsiung
County documents series 7. Fengshan: Kaohsiung County government. (in Chinese)
Huang, Lillian M. 1997b. Serial verb constructions in some Formosan languages. Paper
presented at the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics.
Taipei: Academia Sinica. December 28–30, 1997.
Huang, Lillian M. 2002. Nominalization in Mayrinax Atayal. Language and Linguistics
3(2):197–225.
Huang, Lillian M., Elizabeth Zeitoun, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang and Joy J. Wu.
1999. A typological overview of pronominal systems of some Formosan languages.
Selected papers from the 5th International Conference on Chinese Linguistics, ed.
by Hsu Wang, Feng-fu Tsao, and Chin-fa Lien, 165–198. Taipei: Crane.
Jeng, Heng-syung. 1999. Bunun tense and aspect. Selected papers from the Eighth
International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, ed. by Elizabeth Zeitoun
and Paul Jen-kuei Li, 455–487. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics (Preparatory Office),
Academia Sinica.
Klavans, Judith L. 1980/1982/1995. On clitics and cliticization: The interaction of
morphology, phonology, and syntax. New York: Garland.
Klavans, Judith L. 1985. The independence of syntax and phonology in cliticization.
556
Language 61(1):95–120.
König, Ekkehard and Peter Siemund. 2007. Speech act distinctions in grammar.
Language typology and syntactic description I: Clause structure, second edition,
ed. by Timothy Shopen, 276–323. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kuno, S. 1971. The position of locatives in existential sentences. Linguistic Inquiry
2:333–378.
Li, Lilian Li-ying. 2010. Clitics in Nantou Isbukun Bunun (Austronesian). Puli, Nantou,
Taiwan: National Chi Nan University MA thesis.
Li, Lilian Li-ying. 2017. Verb-adjacent clitic climbing and restructuring in Isbukun.
Oceanic Linguistics 56(1):1-21.
Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 1987/2004. The preglottalized stops in Bunun. A world of languages:
Papers presented to Professor S.A. Wurm on his 65th birthday. Pacific Linguistics
C-100: 381–387. Republished in Selected papers on Formosan languages, 301–
310. Language and Linguistics Monograph Series C–3.1. Taipei: Institute of
Linguistics, Academia Sinica.
Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 1988/2004. A comparative study of Bunun dialects. Bulletin of the
Institute of History and Philosophy 59.2:479–508 (republished in Selected papers
on Formosan languages (Language and Linguistics Monograph Series C–3.1),
743–766. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica).
Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 1990. Classification of Formosan languages: Lexical evidence.
Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology Academia Sinica 61(4):809–844.
Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 1997. Southern Bunun dialect in Hsinyi Township, Nantou County.
The Austronesian languages of Kaohsiung County, ed. by Paul Jen-kuei Li, 300–
350. Kaohsiung County documents series 7. Fengshan: Kaohsiung County
government. (in Chinese)
Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 2013. Thao loans from Bunun. Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics
7(2):225–241.
Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 2015. The preglottalized stops in three Formosan languages. New
Advances in Formosan Languages, ed. by Elizabeth Zeitoun, Stacy F. Teng and
Joy J. Wu, 30–46. Asia-Pacific Linguistics 017 / Studies in Austronesian
Linguistics 003.
Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 2016. Loans in Formosan languages and dialects. Presented at the
11th International Symposium on Taiwanese Languages and Teaching, Academia
Sinica, Taiwan, July 12–13, 2016.
Lichtenberk, Frantisek. 2000. Reciprocal without reflexives. Reciprocals: Forms and
functions, ed. Zygmunt Frajzyngier, 31-62. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John
Benjamins.
Lin, Hsiu-hsu. 1995. Syllable structures of Bunun: An example of Isbukun dialect.
557
Proceedings of native Austronesian languages in Taiwan, ed. by Paul Jen-kuei Li
and Ying-jin Lin, 333–346. Taipei: Committee of Educational Research, Ministry
of Education. (in Chinese)
Lin, Hsiu-hsu. 1996. Isbukun phonology: A study of its segments, syllable structure and
phonological processes. Hsinchu, Taiwan: National Tsing Hua University MA
thesis.
Lin, Shu-yi Mars. 2011. Reconstructing negative morphemes in Proto-Austronesian:
Evidence from Formosan Languages. Taipei, Taiwan: National Taiwan Normal
University MA thesis.
Lin, Tai/Dahu Ismahasan, Wen-shu Li and Bukun Ismahasan. 1988. Dainasbae tus’a tu
buan/The moon walks through space-time. Taiwan Aborigines Series 27. Taichung:
Morning Star.
Lin, Tai/Dahu Ismahasan, Si-qi Zeng, Wen-shu Li and Lin Sheng-xian/Bukun
Ismahasan. 2001. Research on the morphology of Bunun (Isbukun). Taipei: Duce
wenhua. (in Chinese)
Nojima, Motoyasu. 1996. Lexical prefixes of Bunun verbs. Journal of the Linguistic
Society of Japan 110:1–27.
Noonan, Michael. 2007. Complementation. Language typology and syntactic
description II: Complex constructions, second edition, ed. by Timothy Shopen, 52–
150. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ogawa, Naoyoshi and Erin Asai. 1935. The myths and traditions of the Formosan native
tribes (Texts and notes). Tōkyō Tōkō Shoin. (in Japanese)
Payne, Thomas E. 1997. Describing morphosyntax: A guide for field linguists.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Post, Mark. 2011. Nominalization and nominalization-based constructions in Galo.
Nominalization in Asian languages: Diachronic and typological perspectives, ed.
by Foong Ha Yap, Karen Grunow-Hårsta and Janick Wrona, 255–287. Amsterdam
/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Rau, Victoria D. 2002. Nominalization in Yami. Language and Linguistics 3(2):165–
195.
Ross, Malcolm D. 2005. The Batanic languages in relation to the early history of the
Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of Austronesian. Journal of Austronesian Studies
1(2):1–24.
Ross, Malcolm. 2009. Proto Austronesian verbal morphology: A reappraisal.
Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history: A festschrift for Robert
Blust, ed. by Alexander Adelaar and Andrew Pawley, 295–326. Pacific Linguistics
601. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Ross, Malcolm. 2012. In defense of Nuclear Austronesian (and against Tsouic).
558
Language and Linguistics 13(6):1253–1330.
Schachter, Paul and Timothy Shopen. 2007. Parts-of-speech systems. Language
Typology and Syntactic Description I: Clause Structure, second edition, ed. by
Timothy Shopen, 1–60. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Shi, Chaokai. 2009. The linker tu in Isbukun Bunun. Kaohsiung, Taiwan: National
Kaohsiung Normal University MA thesis.
Spencer, Andrew. 1991. Morphological theory: An Introduction to Word Structure in
Generative Grammar. Oxford: Blackwell.
Starosta, Stanley. 1995. A grammatical subgrouping of Formosan languages.
Austronesian studies relating to Taiwan, ed. by Paul Jen-kuei Li, Cheng-hwa Tsang,
Ying-kuei Huang, Dah-an Ho and Chiu-yu Tseng, 683–726. Symposium Series of
the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, Number 3. Taipei:
Academia Sinica.
Starosta, Stanley. 2003/2009. Do compounds have internal structure? A seamless
analysis. Explorations in Seamless Morphology, ed. by Rajendra Singh and Stanley
Starosta, 116–147. New Delhi, Thousand Oaks and London: Sage Publications
(Republished in Formosan Linguistics: Stanley Starosta’s contributions, ed. by
Elizabeth Zeitoun, 139–169. Language and Linguistics Monograph Series C6-1.
Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan).
Steele, Susan. 1975. On some factors that affect and effect word order. Word order and
word order change, ed. by Charles N. Li, 197–268. Austin: University of Texas
Press.
Steele, Susan. 1981. Equivalence. An encyclopedia of AUX: A study in cross-linguistic
equivalence, ed. by Susan Steele, Adrian Akmajian, Richard Demers, Eloise
Jelinek, Chisato Kitagawa, Richard Oehrle and Thomas Wasow, 141–167.
Linguistic Inquiry Monographs 5. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Sung, Li-May. 2006. Verbal reflexives/reciprocals in (some) Formosan languages,
presented at the Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (10-
ICAL), Jan. 17–20, Palawan, Philippines. Available at
<http://www.sil.org/asia/philippines/ical/papers.html>.
Sung, Li-May. 2011. Clausal nominalization in Budai Rukai. Nominalization in Asian
Languages: Diachronic and typological perspectives, ed. by Foong Ha Yap, Karen
Grunow-Hårsta and Janick Wrona, 523–559. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John
Benjamins.
Tang, Chih-Chen Jane. 2002. On Nominalizations in Paiwan. Language and Linguistics
3(2):283–333.
Teng, Stacy Fang-ching. 2008. A reference grammar of Puyuma, an Austronesian
language of Taiwan. Pacific Linguistics PL 595, Canberra: Australian National
559
University.
Thompson, Sandra A., Robert E. Longacre and Shin Ja J. Hwang. 2007. Adverbial
clauses. Language typology and syntactic description II: Complex constructions,
second edition, ed. by Timothy Shopen, 237–269. New York: Cambridge
University Press.
Timberlake, Alan. 2007. Tense, aspect, and mood. Language typology and syntactic
description III: Grammatical categories and the lexicon, second edition, ed. by
Timothy Shopen, 280–332. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Tsuchida, Shigeru. 1976. Reconstruction of Proto-Tsouic phonology. Tokyo: Institute
for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of
Foreign Studies.
Van Valin, Robert D. Jr. 2005. Exploring the syntax-semantics interface. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Wu, Chen-huei. 2002. A study of glides in Formosan languages: Acoustic evidence for
a constraint-based approach. Taipei, Taiwan: National Chengchi University MA
thesis.
Wu, Hsiao-hung Iris. 2009. Existential constructions in Isbukun Bunun. Oceanic
Linguistics 48(2):364–378.
Wu, Hsiao-hung Iris. 2013a. Verb initial order as predicate fronting in Isbukun Bunun.
Language and Linguistics 14(3):571–598.
Wu, Hsiao-hung Iris. 2013b. Restructuring and clause structure in Isbukun Bunun.
Oceanic Linguistics 52(1):69–85.
Wu, Hsiao-hung Iris. 2014. Complex noun phrases and formal licensing in Isbukun
Bunun. Oceanic Linguistics 53(2):207–224.
Wu, Hsiao-hung Iris. 2016. The syntax of correlatives in Isbukun Bunun. Canadian
Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 61(2):190–210.
Xiang, Cheng and Wen-shu Li. 1988. A comparison of reduplication in Amis, Paiwan
and Bunun. Formosan languages and literature, ed. by Formosan Languages and
Literature Section, Department of Minority Languages and Literatures, Minzu
University of China, 179–202. Beijing: Minzu University of China. (in Chinese)
Yeh, Marie M. 2000. Reduplication in Bunun and Saisiyat. Taiwan Humanity 5: 359–
384. (in Chinese)
Yeh, Marie M. 2011. Nominalization in Saisiyat. Nominalization in Asian languages:
Diachronic and typological perspectives, ed. by Foong Ha Yap, Karen Grunow-
Hårsta and Janick Wrona, 561–588. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Yeh, Marie M., Lillian M. Huang, Elizabeth Zeitoun, Anna H. Chang and Joy Wu. 1998.
A preliminary study on negative constructions in some Formosan languages.
Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Languages in Taiwan, 79–
560
110. Taipei: Crane.
Yu, Lee-Jiun 2009. The acoustic characteristics of consonants and vowels in Isbukun
Bunun. Kaohsiung, Taiwan: National Kaohsiung Normal University MA thesis.
Zeitoun, Elizabeth. 2000. A reference grammar of Bunun. Formosan Languages Series
5. Taipei: Yuanliou. (in Chinese)
Zeitoun, Elizabeth. 2002a. Reciprocals in Formosan languages: A preliminary study.
Paper presented at the International Conference Austronesian Linguistics 9.
January 8–11. Canberra.
Zeitoun, Elizabeth. 2002b. Nominalization in Mantauran (Rukai). Language and
Linguistics 3(2):241–282.
Zeitoun, Elizabeth. 2007. A grammar of Mantauran (Rukai). Language and Linguistics
Monograph Series, No. A4–2. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
Zeitoun, Elizabeth. 2009. Reassessing the reconstruction of pluralf affixes in PAn:
Evidence from the Formosan languages. Austronesian historical linguistics and
culture history: A festschrift for Bob Blust, ed. by Alexander Adelaar and Andrew
Pawley, 359–372. Pacific Linguistics 601. Canberra: The Australian National
University.
Zeitoun, Elizabeth. 2011. Towards the reconstruction of reciprocal prefixes in PAn
based on a comparative study of Formosan languages. Keynote speech delivered
at the Workshop on the Typology of Languages in China, Hong Kong, University
of Hong Kong, July 21, 2011.
Zeitoun, Elizabeth and Chen-huei Wu. 2006. Reduplication in Formosan languages.
Streams converting into an ocean: Festschrift in honor of Professor Paul Jen-Kuei
Li on his 70th birthday, ed. by Henry Y. Chang, Lillian M. Huang and Dah-an Ho,
97–142. Language and Linguistics Monograph Series W5. Taipei: Institute of
Linguistics, Academia Sinica.
Zeitoun, Elizabeth and Hsuan-ju Chen. 2015. A typology of minimal words in
Formosan languages. Paper read at the 13th International Conference on
Austronesian Linguistics (13-ICAL). July 18–23, 2015. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
Zeitoun, Elizabeth and Lillian M. Huang. 2000. Concerning ka-, an overlooked marker
of verbal derivation in Formosan Languages. Oceanic Linguistics 39(2):391–414.
Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh and Anna H. Chang. 1999.
Existential, possessive, and locative constructions in Formosan languages. Oceanic
Linguistics 38(1):1–42.
Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang and Joy J. Wu.
1996. The temporal, aspectual, and modal systems of some Formosan languages:
A typological perspective. Oceanic Linguistics 35(1):21–56.
Zeitoun, Elizabeth and Stacy F. Teng. 2016. Reassessing the position of Kanakanavu
561
and Saaroa among the Formosan languages. Oceanic Linguistics 55(1):162–197.
Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Stacy F. Teng and Raleigh Ferrell. 2010. Reconstruction of ‘2’ in
PAn and related issues. Language and Linguistics 11(4): 853–884.
Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Tai-hwa Chu and Lalo a tahesh kaybaybaw. 2015. A study of
Saisiyat morphology. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publication 40. Honolulu,
United States: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
Zeng, Si-qi. 1986. On the affixes in/i in Bunun. Bulletin of the Central Institute for
Nationalities 1986(1):89–93. (in Chinese)
Zeng, Si-qi. 2006. A semantic analysis of the basic affixes of Isbukun Bunun. Streams
converting into an ocean: Festschrift in honor of Professor Paul Jen-Kuei Li on
his 70th birthday, ed. by Henry Y. Chang, Lillian M. Huang and Dah-an Ho, 365–
383, Language and Linguistics Monograph Series W5. Taipei: Institute of
Linguistics, Academia Sinica.
Zwicky, Arnold M. and Geoffrey K. Pullum. 1983. Cliticization vs. inflection: English
n’t. Language 59(3). 502–513.