本研究的主要目的在瞭解自行車參與者認真投入這項活動的歷程，以遊憩專門化進展的概念為基礎，嘗試獲得此一歷程的相關回答，包含專門化的前置因素、改變的社會機制和專門化對個人及遊憩行為的影響。以自行車的騎乘頻率高低和加入車隊與否為兩軸，進行受訪者選擇，並採取立意取樣和滾雪球抽樣方式邀請14名受訪者進行訪談，其後將訪談結果繕打成逐字稿。採用資料驅動的編碼方式將逐字
稿進行編碼，並比較不同群體的差異後發現：
一、認真休閒之自行車騎士可透過認知面向、情感面向和行為面向來檢視其遊憩專門化進展之改變。其間並展現出性別、年資、年齡在不同專門化指標上的差異。此外，過去文獻所提及的裝備數量，也可適用在多數的自行車騎士專門化進展上。
二、不是所有的自行車熱愛者都有往更高層技術進展的渴望，這個渴望和個人的年齡以及最初騎乘的目的有關。
三、遊憩專門化進展前置的個人因素可歸結為個人特質、學習意願和學習能力三方面。只要車友具有相當的年資，就會呈現出獨特的個人特質。至於在學習意願和學習能力上則以自行車愛好者提出較多。
四、遊憩專門化進展前置的環境因素可歸結為學習環境和他人支持兩方面。不同群體車友都認為，加入車隊和認證比賽都有助於專門化的提升。而目前騎乘頻率較低及年紀較輕的車友則需在他人支持上多下點功夫。
五、社會機制對遊憩專門化的影響可歸結為生涯偶發事件和生命週期改變兩部份。生涯偶發事件對自行車愛好者來說，影響通常是短暫的；而在生命週期改變上，青壯族群則是最有可能受到影響的一群。
六、遊憩專門化對個人體系的影響可概分為健康適能、自我評價、生活體悟和社會資本四部份。不同年齡、性別和工作狀態族群，從遊憩參與中所獲得的個人效益不盡相同。
七、遊憩專門化對活動體系的影響可概分為地點偏好、體驗偏好和型態轉變三部份。除了團體氣氛的感受在不同車友間較為分歧外，地點偏好和體驗偏好在不同群體間並無太大的差別。
八、遊憩專門化對環境體系的影響可概分為環境態度、環境行動和規範責任三部份。屬於自行車愛好者有較深的環境感受和環境行動；至於在規範責任上，所有車友的看法是趨於一致的。
根據上述之發現，本研究除給有意進展的自行車騎乘者提出參與的建議外，也給自行車活動促成者提出實務意涵之建議。最後，研究者亦針對研究過程中所獲得的省思，給後續研究提出未來研究可行方向之建議。

The main purpose of this study is to understand the progression and changes that have occurred among serious cyclists. Based on the concept of recreation specialization, this study attempted to identify the antecedents of recreation specialization, the influence of social mechanisms on recreation specialization, and recreation specialization influence on recreation behavior. Using the frequency of bike riding and joining a bike team as base criteria on which to select the sample, 14 cyclists were acquired by purpose sampling and snowball sampling. The in-depth interview method was used to collect the relevant information, and this was subsequently converted to verbatim text. A data-driven approach was adopted to classify and compare the differences between groups. The important findings of this study were as follows:

1.The progression and changes that have occurred among serious cyclists can be explained through cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects. Among these, differences were noted in relation to gender, experience level, and age group. In addition, the amount of equipment owned by cyclists could be applied at the majority of cyclists’ specialized progression process.
2.Not all cycling enthusiasts have the desire to upgrade their skills. The desire was found to relate to cyclists’ age and initial motivation for riding.
3.The individual antecedents of recreation specialization could be attributed to three aspects: individual character, learning will, and learning competency. As long as cyclists have considerable experience, they will present unique personal characteristics. Regarding willingness and ability to learn, cycling enthusiasts were in the majority.
4.The environmental antecedents of recreation specialization could be attributed to two aspects: learning environment and support from others. All cyclists considered joining a bike team and participating in certification races to have helped them become more skilled. However, those who demonstrated low riding frequency and were of a younger age exhibited a need for
more support from others.
5.The influences of social mechanisms on recreation specialization could be attributed to career contingencies and changes in life course. The impact of career contingencies on cycling enthusiasts are usually minimal, while for changes in life course, the young adult group was more likely to be affected compared to other age groups.
6.The influence of recreation specialization on individual system could be divided into four parts: health and fitness, self-evaluation, realization of life, and social capital. The benefits that each individual obtained from their recreation participation varied according to their age, gender, and working status.
7.The effect of recreation specialization on activity system could be divided into three parts: place preference, experience preference, and variation in activity format. Expect for the feelings of group atmosphere, place preference and experience preference were similar among the different groups.
8.The impacts of recreation specialization on the environmental system could be divided into three parts: environmental attitude, environmental action, and normative responsibility. The more enthusiasm the individuals had for cycling, the more pronounced their environmental attitude and action. With respect to normative responsibility, all of the cyclists’ views were fairly consistent.

Based on the findings above, some advice was proposed not only for those who wish to progress in cycling, but also for activity facilitators. Lastly, future research orientations were proposed.

第一章 緒論
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的 4
第三節 研究問題 4
第四節 名詞解釋 5
第五節 研究範圍與限制 6
第六節 本研究的重要性 7
第二章 文獻探討
第一節 自行車相關研究 9
第二節 認真休閒 15
第三節 遊憩專門化 19
第四節 遊憩專門化進展歷程分析 37
第五節 文獻總結 51
第三章 研究方法
第一節 研究架構 53
第二節 研究對象 54
第三節 研究工具 57
第四節 研究流程 59
第五節 資料分析 61
第四章 研究結果
第一節 受訪者評析 64
第二節 遊憩專門化進展之檢視 75
第三節 遊憩專門化進展前置因素 98
第四節 社會機制對遊憩參與的影響 111
第五節 遊憩專門化對參與者個人和遊憩行為的影響 118
第六節 綜合討論 141
第五章 結論與建議
第一節 結論 151
第二節 建議 153
參考文獻 157
附 錄一 訪談同意書 165
附 錄二 訪談大綱 164

王志宏、張繼文 (2013) 。認真性休閒與遊憩專門化之關係：社會資
本之中介效果。戶外遊憩研究，26(1)，105-134。
王國川、翁千惠譯 (2005) 。質性資料分析-如何透視質性資料。臺北
市：五南圖書。 (Boyatzis, 1998)
王偉琴、吳崇旗 (2013) 。自行車騎士對高雄市愛河／西臨港線車道
環境屬性之重要性與滿意度探究- IPA 之應用。島嶼觀光研究，
6(1)，1-26。
交通部統計處 (2010) 。自行車使用狀況調查摘要分析。臺北市：作
者。
行政院體育委員會 (2002) 。台灣地區自行車道系統規劃與設置。臺
北市：作者。
李君如、賴仕峰 (2011)。樂團參與者之認真性休閒與遊憩專門化關係
之探討。休閒事業研究，9(1)，17-34。
李素馨 (1994) 。典型相關分析－專業程度、遊憩動機和基地屬性認
知關係之探討。戶外遊憩研究，7(3)，39-62。
吳崇旗、巫昌陽、王偉琴 (2012) 。高屏地區郊山登山健行者遊憩專
門化對其環境行為之影響。休閒事業研究，10(1)，59-71。
宋威穎、雷文谷、熊婉君 (2010) 。自行車道遊客旅遊目的地意象與
行爲意圖之關係－以遊憩體驗爲中介變項之研究。休閒產業學
刊，3(2)，22-37。
周玉慧 (2012) 。「小人」「閑居」為「不善」？生活經驗、社會資
本與青年休閒活動參與。社會分析，5，1-37。
邱思慈、林欣怡、張家銘 (2010) 。登山自行車騎士專門化、環境屬性、流暢體驗與場所依戀之關係研究。臺灣體育運動管理學報，
10(1)，65-92。
林宏恩、古志銘、李岳修 (2009) 。國內自行車道運動觀光吸引力量
表編製之研究。休閒產業管理學刊，2(3)，16-30。
林佑瑾、李英弘、葉源鎰 (2004) 。認真性休閒與休閒阻礙關係之研
究：以高爾夫運動者爲例。戶外遊憩研究，17(3)，51-79。
高俊雄 (1996) 。休閒概念面面觀。國立體育學院論，6(1), 69-78。
陳文喜、葉時碩、曾冠暾 (2010) 。專門化對水肺潛水者的環境知識
與行爲之影響。運動與遊憩研究，4(3)，1-14。
陳寬裕、歐典灝、歐人豪 (2009) 。認真休閒特質與幸福感之研究：
兼論配偶支持的干擾效果。觀光休閒學報，15(2)，113-140。
教育部體育署 (2012a) 。自行車道整體路網串連建設計畫。臺北市：
作者。
教育部體育署 (2012b)。各國平均每萬人所擁有之自行車道長度指
標值。2014年10月11日，取自http://bike.sac.gov.tw/ option.
php?mid=4&pid=34
教育部體育署 (2013) 。中華民國102年運動城市調查。執行單位：世
新大學。
國家發展委員會 (2008) 。政府規劃推動自行車道路網，成果已逐步
展現。2014年09月30日，取自http://www.ndc.gov.tw/m1.aspx? sNo
=0010363#.VEDCsSKUdA0
張清源、曾秋美 (2011) 。探討自行車運動對心理健康的影響。運動
與健康研究，1(1)，14-40。
張馨文 (2003) 。台灣發展自行車觀光之研究。觀光研究學報，9(1)，
107-121。
張馨文 (2004) 。各國發展自行車遊憩經驗之研究。都市交通季刊，
19(1)，1-10。
梁英文、曹勝雄 (2007) 。認真性休閒與場所依戀之關係：遊憩專門
化扮演的角色。戶外遊憩研究，20(3)，1-24。
許建民 (2011) 。自行車道遊客遊憩動機對環境屬性重視與表現程度
之研究－以新竹市17公里海岸線自行車道爲例。臺灣體育運動
管理學報，11(2)，109-138。
黃孟立、鍾志強、林怡君、蔡瑋娟 (2011) 。遊客涉入程度、服務品
質與行為意圖之相關研究－以東豐自行車綠廊、后豐鐵馬道為
例。休閒運動期刊，10，1-15。
黃長發、簡彩完 (2014)。自行車參與者休閒態度、休閒效益及幸福感之研究－以臺北市地區為例。運動休閒管理學報，11(2)，43- 55。
黃彥翔、王克武、許宇中 (2013) 。自行車道騎乘者遊憩動機、車道設施滿意度、遊憩體驗與休閒效益關係之研究。運動與遊憩研究， 7(4)，74-88。
郭進財、黃佩鈴、孫美蓮 (2011) 。生活品質與工作滿意度之研究－
以嘉義地區自行車參與者為例。長榮運動休閒學刊，5，1-10。
趙芝良、陳瑋苓 (2010) 。建構爬蟲類寵物飼養者之認真性休閒職涯。
戶外遊憩研究，23(4)，1-24
廖淑玲（1998）。成為 WTO 會員國後對我國自行車業的影響。台灣
經濟研究月刊，21(6)，43-48。
歐雙磐、侯錦雄 (2007) 。登山者遊憩專門化與登山類型偏好。戶外
遊憩研究，20(4)，51-74。
鄭溫暖、廖主民 (2001) 。以質的研究取向－初探本土優秀運動員的
心理特性。體育學報，31，159-170。
劉先翔 (2009) 。深層的遊戲：自行車騎乘之意涵。大專體育學刊，
11(4)，1-14。
賴其勛、楊靜芳、許世彥(2000)。台灣自行車消費者市場區隔與購買
決策過程。大葉學報，9，19-28。
謝雯玲、孔仁華、謝雯萍 (2011) 。自行車道遊客滿意度與重遊意願
之研究－以龍潭三坑自行車道為例。南亞學報，37，515-530。
戴有德、陳冠仰、李素馨 (2008) 。遊憩涉入、場所依賴與場所認同因果關係之研究：以東豐綠色走廊遊憩自行車使用者爲例。戶外
遊憩研究，21(4)，27-57。
顏妙珊（2006）。臺北縣八里左岸自行車道遊客與管理者對環境屬性
知覺差異之研究。未出版碩士論文，國立體育學院，桃園縣。
顏家芝、薛雅丹、黃文卿 (2006) 。從深度休閒理論探討太魯閣國家
公園解說志工對解說服務之投入程度與其深度休閒特質之關係。
戶外遊憩研究，19(1)，51-76 。
瞿宛文 (1993) 。成長的因素 –臺灣自行車產業的研究。臺灣社會研
究季刊，15，65-92
蘇奉信、彭崑展 (2008) 。休閒專業化程度對產品購買意願之影響。
交大商管學報，13(1)，47-64。

Brown, C. A. (2007). The Carolina shagger: Dance as serious leisure.
Journal of Leisure Research, 39(4), 623-647.
Bryan, H. (1977). Leisure value systems and recreational specialization: The case of trout fishermen. Journal of Leisure Research, 9(3),
174-187.
Choi, S., Loomis, D., & Ditton, R. (1994). Effect of social group,
activity, and specialization on recreation substitution decisions.
Leisure Sciences, 16(3), 143–159.
Ditton, R. B., & Sutton, S. G. (2004). Substitutability in recreational
fishing. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 9, 87-102.
Ditton, R. B., Loomis, D. K., & Choi, S. (1992). Recreation speciali-
zation: Re-conceptualization from a social words perspective.
Journal of Leisure Research, 24(1), 33-51.
Donnelly, M., Vaske, J., & Graefe, A. (1986). Degree and range of
recreation specialization: Toward a typology of boating related
activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 18(2), 81–95.
Dyck, C., Schneider, I., Thompson, M., & Virden, R. (2003).
Specialization among mountaineers and its relationship to environmental attitudes. Journal of Park and Recreation
Administration, 21(2), 44-62.
Ewert, A., & Hollenhorst, S. (1989). Testing adventure model: Empirical
support for a model of Risk recreation participation. Journal of
Leisure Research, 21(2), 124-139.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2010). Predicting and changing behavior.
New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Galloway, S. (2012). Recreation specialization among New Zealand river
recreation users: A multiactivity study of motivation and site
preference. Leisure Sciences, 34(3), 256-271.
doi: 10.1080/01490400.2012.669690
Goff, S. J., Fick, D. S., & Oppliger, R. A. (1997). The moderating effect
of spouse support on the relation between serious leisure and
spouses' perceived leisure-family conflict. Journal of Leisure
Research, 29(1), 47-60.
Goodsell, T. L., Harris, B. D., & Bailey, B. W. (2013). Family status and motivations to run: A qualitative study of marathon runners.
Leisure Sciences, 35, 337-352.
Ingen, E. V., & Eijck, K. V. (2009). Leisure and social capital: An
analysis of types of company and activities. Leisure Sciences,
31(2), 192-206.
Kelly, J. R. (1983). Leisure identities and interactions. London:
George Allen & Unwin.
Kuentzel, W., & Heberlein, T. A. (2006). From novice to expert? A panel
study of specialization progression and change. Journal of Leisure
Research, 38(4), 496-512.
Kuentzel, W., & Heberlein, T. A. (2008). Life course changes and competing leisure interests as obstacles to boating specialization.
Leisure Sciences, 30(2), 143-157.
Kuentzel, W. F. & McDonald, G. (1992). Differential effects of past
experience, commitment, and lifestyle dimensions on river use
specialization. Journal of Leisure Research, 24(3), 269-287.
Lee, J-H., & Scott, D. (2004). Measuring birding specification: A
confirmatory factor analysis. Leisure Sciences, 26, 245-260.
Lee, S., Graefe, A., & Li, C. (2007). The effect of specialization and
gender on motivations and preferences for site attributes in
paddling. Leisure Sciences, 29, 355–373.
McFarlane, B. L. (1994). Socialization and motivations among bird-
watchers. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 22, 361-370.
McFarlane, B. L. (2004). Recreation specialization and site choice
among vehicle-based campers. Leisure Sciences, 26(3), 309-322.
McIntyre, N. (1989). The personal meaning of participation: Enduring
involvement. Journal of Leisure Research, 21(2), 167–179.
McIntyre, N., & Pigram, J. J. (1992). Recreation specialization re-
examined: The case of vehicle-based campers. Journal of Leisure
Research, 14, 3-15.
Needham, M. D., Scott, D., & Vaske, J. J. (2013). Recreation specialization and related concepts in leisure research. Leisure
Sciences, 35(3), 199-202.
Oh, C-O., & Ditton, R. B. (2006). Using recreation specialization to understand multi-attribute management preference. Leisure
Sciences, 28(4), 368-384.
Oh, C-O., & Ditton, R. B. (2008). Using recreation specialization to
understand conservation support. Journal of Leisure Research,
40(4), 556-573.
Oh, C-O., Lyu, S. O., & Hammitt, W. E. (2012). Predictive linkages
between recreation specialization and place attachment. Journal of
Leisure Research, 44(1), 70-87.
Oh, C-O., Sorice, M. G., & Ditton, R. B. (2010). Exploring progression
along the recreation specialization continuum using a latent growth
approach. Leisure Sciences, 33(1), 15-31.
Oh, C-O., Sutton, S. G., & Sorice, M. G. (2013). Assessing the role of recreation specialization in fishing site substitution. Leisure
Sciences, 35(3), 256-272.
Ritchie, B. W. (1998). Bicycle tourism in the South Island of New
Zealand: Planning and management issues. Tourism Management,
19(6), 567-582.
Säfvenbom,R.,＆Samdahl,D.(1998). Involvement in and perception of
the free-time context for adolescents in youth protection
institutions. Leisure Studies, 17, 207- 226.
Scott, D. (2012). Serious leisure and recreation specialization: An un-
easy marriage. Leisure Sciences, 34(4), 366-371.
Scott, D., & Godbey, G. (1994). Recreation specialization in the social world of contract bridge. Journal of Leisure Research, 26(3),
275-295.
Scott, D., & Lee, J, H. (2010). Progression, stability, or decline? Sociological mechanisms underlying change in specialization
among birdwatchers. Leisure Sciences, 32(2), 180-194.
Scott, D., & Shafer, C. S. (2001). Recreational specialization: A critical
look at the construct.Journal of Leisure Research, 33(3), 319-343.
Schroeder, S. A., Fulton, D. C., Lawrence, J. S., & Cordts, S. D. (2013). Identity and specialization as a waterfowl hunter. Leisure Sciences,
35(3), 218-234.
Shafer, C. S., & Hammit, W. (1995). Purism revisited: Specifying recreational conditions of concern according to resource intent.
Leisure Sciences, 17(1), 15–30.
Shafer, C. S., & Scott, D. (2013). Dynamics of progression in mountain
bike racing. Leisure Sciences, 35(4), 353-364.
Simonsen, P., & Jorgenson, B. (1996). Cycling tourism: environmental
sustainability? Unpublished Report, Bornholm, Denmark:
Bornholm Research Centre.
Stebbins, R. (1982). Serious leisure: A conceptual statement. Pacific
Sociological Review, 25, 251-272.
Stebbins, R. (1992). Amateurs, professional, and serious leisure.
Montreal, Canada: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Thapa, B., Graefe, A. R.,& Meyer, L. A. (2006). Specialization and Marine based environmental behaviors among scuba divers.
Journal of Leisure Research, 38(4), 601-615.
Tsaur, S-H., & Liang, Y-W. (2008). Serious leisure and recreation
specialization. Leisure Sciences, 30(4), 325-341.
Virden, R. J., & Schreyer, R. (1998). Recreation specialization as an indicator of environmental preference. Environmental and
Behavior, 20(6), 721-739.
Waight, C. F., & Bath, A. J. (2014). Recreation specialization among ATV Users and its relationship to environmental attitudes and management preferences on the island of Newfoundland. Leisure
Sciences, 36(2), 161-182.
Wu, T. C., Scott, D., & Yang, C. C. (2013). Advanced or addicted?
Exploring the relationship of recreation specialization to flow
experiences and online game addiction. Leisure Sciences, 35(3),
203-217.