中文摘要
目的：探討三種不同自行車把手型式在顛簸振動時對騎乘者上肢肌群活化程度之影響，藉此瞭解三種把手型式之效益。方法：利用Delsys無線肌電與加速規收取肌肉活化與振動幅度之相關參數，將Delsys貼至上肢伸腕肌、屈腕肌、肱二頭肌與肱三頭肌，以三種不同把手型式(上昇型、平直型與下彎型)在兩種不同路面(平順路面與顛簸路面)，將踩踏頻率訂定為50 rpm，騎乘距離為30公尺，分別騎乘平順路面與顛簸路面三種手把各1次，前10公尺到達穩定踩踏節奏後，收取後20公尺之相關參數。利用SPSS 18進行相依樣本二因子變異數分析與事後比較，比較三種不同把手形式在兩種不同路面之肌肉活化與振動幅度之差異。結果：一、在肌肉活化的部分，路面、把手與上肢肌群沒有交互作用，其中屈腕肌肌肉活化，下彎型顯著大於平直型；上昇型顯著大於平直型。在三頭肌部分，上昇型把大於下彎型達顯著差異，其餘則無顯著差異。二頭肌之肌肉活化，彎把與平直把手以及平直把手及上昇型把手未達顯著差異，且在平順與顛簸路面皆為平直型大於上昇型大於下彎型；在伸腕肌部分，平直型大於下彎型大於上昇型。二、在肌肉振動的部分，手把與上肢肌群沒有交互作用；屈腕肌、伸腕肌皆為上昇型大於平直型；上昇型大於下彎型，且兩者皆達顯著差異。而在二頭肌部分，下彎型大於平直型；上昇型大於平直型。在二頭肌部分，平直型大於上昇型大於下彎型，且達顯著差異。結論：在騎乘自行車時，可選擇安裝平直型把手與上昇型把手之把手型式，來增加騎乘之舒適度。


關鍵字：運動生物力學、合加速度、積分肌電

Abstract

Objective: To investigate three different types of bicycle handlebar vibration when going over bumps on the upper limb muscle activation and the degree of influence on the rider. To learn about the three types of benefits that each handle has. Methods: The use of Delsys wireless EMG and accelerometer, attached to the upper extremity, measured the muscle activation parameters and the vibration amplitude of the wrist extensor muscles, wrist flexor muscles, biceps and triceps with regards to the three different types of handle bars (up-type, flat type and re-curved type). Also, two different types of roads were used; smooth pavement and bumpy road.
The pedaling frequency is set to 50 rpm, riding distance of 30 meters, respectively, smooth riding surface with bumps three kinds of hand. The 1st, the first 10 meters after reaching a steady rhythm, after charging 20 meters of the relevant parameters. Use SPSS 18 were dependent sample two-factor analysis of variance compared with hindsight, the difference of two different roads of muscle activation and the vibration amplitude of the three different forms of handles. Results: First, muscle activation part, the road, there is no interaction between the handle and arm muscles, including wrist flexor muscle activation, recurved type handles significantly higher than the flat type; ascending significantly greater than the flat type. In the triceps part, ascending up the curved, significant differences: greater than, the rest no significant differences. The biceps muscle activation, bending to less than significant differences with straight handle, and flat handle and increased grip on smooth and bumpy roads are all in straight type, larger than ascending curved is larger than the next; the extensor carpi section, straight type larger than the lower curved and more than ascending. Second, part of the muscle vibration, hand and arm muscles have no interaction; flexor carpi extensor carpi are all ascending more than straight type; ascending greater than the lower curved, and both are of significant differences. In the biceps section, under curved more than straight type; ascending higher than the flat type. In the biceps section, straight type larger than ascending, curved larger than the lower, and show significant differences. Conclusion: When riding a bicycle, you can choose to install a flat-type handle and the handle grip type ascending to increase the comfort of the ride.
Keywords: sports biomechanics, resultant acceleration, IEMG

口試委員與系主任簽字之論文通過簽名表……………………………...….I
論文授權書…………………………………………………….………….......II
中文摘要………………………………………………………………….......III
英文摘要…………………………………………………………………...….IV
謝誌…………………………………………………………………………….V
目次……....………………………………………………………………........VI
表次……....…………………………………………………….………….......IX
圖次……....…………………………………………………………………….X
第壹章 緒論……...……………………..…………………………………..1
第一節 問題背景…………………...…………..………………………1
第二節 研究目的..……………………..…….…………………………2
第三節 操作性名詞定義…………………..……….……..……………2
第四節 研究範圍…………………………...………………..…………5
第五節 研究限制…………………………...…………………..………6
第貳章 文獻探討……....…..……………………………………….………7
第一節 自行車把手型式………………….………..…………………..8
第二節 把手型式與上肢肌群的關聯……………………………..….10
第三節 顛簸對自行車騎乘的影響……………..……………….……13
第四節 文獻總結……………..……………..……………………...….16
第叁章 研究方法…………………..……………………………...………18
第一節 研究架構……………………..……………….………………18
第二節 研究參與者………………..……………………….…………18
第三節 實驗時間與地點…………………..…………….……………19
第四節 研究工具………..………………………………….…………20
第五節 實驗控制……………………..………………….……………21
第六節 場地佈置圖……………………………..……..….……………23
第七節 實驗方法與步驟……………………………..….……………23
第八節 資料分析……………………………………..….……………25
第肆章 結果與討論………………….……………………...…………….26
第一節 平順路面與顛簸路面之肌肉活化差異…………….…………26
第二節 平順路面與顛簸路面之振動幅度差異…………... ….……….34
第伍章 結論與建議…………….…………………...……………………43
第一節 結論…………………………..…………………….…………43
第二節 建議………………..……………………………….…………43
參考文獻…………………………………...……………………………...…45
附錄…………………………………...……………………………...……….50

王賢令（1998）。握把直徑對進行握旋動作時手部肌肉負荷之效應。未出版之碩士論文，臺灣科技大學管理研究所，台北市。
台灣經濟研究院（1992）。自行車及其零組件業發展策略研究報告。台北市： 台灣經濟研究院。
余銘倫（2004）。軀幹角度對自行車騎乘舒適度之效應分析。未出版碩士論文，明志科技大學，新北市。
吳武政（2000）。以誘導式歸納途徑法探討自行車騎乘姿勢與車架尺寸之關係。未出版之碩士論文，大同大學，台北市。
徐文淵（2009）。自行車不同座椅高度對騎乘效率及下肢肌電訊號之影響。未出版碩士論文，國立體育大學，桃園縣。
郭炳宏、鄭雅華（2010）。自行車車種與握把影響騎乘舒適度之初探。台灣感性學會研討會論文，307-312。
張清波（1999）。台灣中部地區大專學生課桌椅之人因工程研究。工業工程學刊，16，147-159。
陳道遠（1998）。自行車騎乘在坡度振動環境下的主觀舒適度及生理反應之研究。未出版碩士論文，成功大學，台南市。
黃台生（2009）。公路自行車把手舒適度之研究。設計學報，14，51-71。
黃英豪（2010）。以下肢肌電訊號探討踏車運動座墊位置。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。
黃博駿（2009）。自由車運動發展及其傷害之研究。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣體育大學（臺中），台中市。
楊燕枝、尤如瑾、蕭瑞聖、金美敬、王漢英（1997）。自行車產業現況與趨勢研究報告，台北市：工業技術研究院。
經濟部工業生產統計月報（2007）。台灣區車輛工業同業公會整理。
經濟部工業局（1999）。摺疊式腳踏車之設計。載於，工業設計廠商輔導成果報告書。台北市：經濟部工業局。
蔡宗晏、王進華（2007）。淺談肌電圖在運動科學中的應用。大專體育，90，155-161。
鄭凱文（2007）。競賽型自行車手把之設計與分析。未出版碩士論文，大業大學，彰化縣。
賴賢源（1997）。登山自行車握把之人因設計因素研究。未出版之碩士論文，大葉大學，彰化縣。
鍾印鈞（2007）。以把手壓力探討不同自行車種之把手設計研究。未出版碩士論文，大同大學，台北市。
鍾承融（2007）。肌肉疲勞與肌肉損傷對於肌電訊號反應變化之初探。嘉大體育健康休閒期刊，6，175-180。
鍾綉貞、張雅嫻、陳俐君、何宜靜（2007）。城市休閒乘用自行車車手把之人因工程評估。工作與休閒學刊，2，19-30。
Astrand, P. O. , & Rodahl, K. (1986) . Textbook of Work Physiology . New York : McGr aw-Companies.
Aldien, Y., Welcome, D., Rakheja, S., Dong, R., & Boileau, P. E. (2005). Contact pressure distribution at hand–handle interface: role of hand forces and handle size. Applied Ergonomics, 35, 267–286.
Berry, M. B., Pollock, W. E., Van Nieuwenhuizen, K., & Brubaker, P. H. (1994). A comparison between aero and standard racing handlebars during prolonged　exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 15, 16-20.
Brown, D. A., Kautz, S. A., & Dairaghi, C. A. (1996). Muscle activity patterns altered　during pedaling at different body orientations. Journal of Biomechanics, 29, 1349-1356.
Burke, E. R. (1981). Ulnar neuropathy in bicyclists. Physician and Sportsmedicine, 9, 53-56.
Bertucci, W., Grappe, F., Girard, A., Betik, A., & Rouillon, J.D. (2005). Effects on the crank torque profile when changing pedalling cadence in level ground and uphill road cycling. Journal of Biomechanics, 38, 1003–1010
Callaghan, M. J. (2005). Lower body problems and injury in cycling. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 9, 226–236.
Clarys, J. P., Alewaeters, K., & Zinzen, E. (2001). The influence of geographic variations on the muscular activity in selected sports movements. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 11, 451 - 457.
Craig JR, A.B. (1960). Effects of position on expiratory reserve volume of the lungs. Journal of Applied Physiology, 15, 59-61.
Caldwell, G.E., McCole, S.D., Hagberg, J.M., & Li, L. (1998). Pedal and crank kinetics in uphill cycling. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 14, 245-259.
Clarys, J.P., Alewaeters, K., & Zinzen, E. (2001). The influence of geographic variations on the muscular activity in selected sports movements. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 11, 451-457
Duc, S., Bertucci, W., Pernin, J. N., & Grappe, F. (2008). Muscular activity during uphill cycling: Effect of slope, posture, hand grip position and constrained bicycle lateral sways. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 18, 116-127
Dieen, J. H. Looze, M. P., Hermans, V.(2001).Effects of dynamic office chair on trunk kinematics, trunk extensor EMG and spinal shrinkage. Ergonomics 44,739-750.
DeLong. (1974). Delong’s guide to bicycles and bicycling: The art and science. PA: Chilton Book.
Donkers, P. C. M., Toussaint, H. M., Molenbroek , J. F. M., & Steenbekkers, L. P. A. (1993). Recommendations for the assessment and design of young children. Applied Ergonomics, 24, 109-118.
di Prampero, P. E. (2000). Cycling on Earth, in space, on the Moon. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 82, 345-360.
Fonda, B., Panjan, A., Markovic, G., & Sarabon, N. (2011). Adjusted saddle position counteracts the modified muscle activation patterns during uphill cycling. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 21, 854-860
Hamley, E. J., & Thomas, V. (1967). Physiological and postural factors in the calibration of the bicycle ergometer. The Journal of Physiology, 191, 55-57.
Johnson, S., & Shultz, B. (1990). The physiologic effects of aerodynamic handlebars. Journal of Science and Cycling, 2, 9-12.
Kolehmainen, I., Harms-Ringdahl, K., & Lanshammar, H. (1989). Cervical spine positions and load moments during bicycling with different handlebar positions. (4 ed., Vol. 2, pp. 105-110). Clinical Biomechanics.
Kong, Y. K., & Lowe, B. D. (2006). Optimal cylindrical handle diameter for grip force tasks. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomic, 35, 495 - 507.
Lynn, S. M. (1996). Scientific rationale and physiological basis for the use of closed kinetic chain exercise in the lower extremity. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 5, 2-12.
Li, L., & Caldwell, G. E. (1998). Muscle coordination in cycling: Effect of surface incline and posture. Journal of Applied Physiology, 85, 927-934.
Marras, W. S., Davis, K. G., & Granata, K. P. (1998). Trunk muscle activities during　asymmetric twisting motions. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 8, 247-256.
Mellion, M. B. (1991). Common cycling injuries, management and prevention. Sports Medicine, 11, 52-70.
Mellion, M. B. (1994). Neck and back pain in bicycling. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 13, 137-164.
Mestdagh, K. (1998). Personal perspective: In search of an optimum cycling posture. Applied Ergonomics, 29, 325-334.
Moseley, L., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2001). The reliability of cycling efficiency. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(4), 621-627.
Marsden, M., & Schwellnus, M. (2010). Lower back pain in cyclists: A review of epidemiology, pathomechanics and risk factors. International Sport Medicine Journal, 11, 216-225
Nicolay, C. W., & Walker, A. L. (2005). Grip strength and endurance: Influences of anthropometric variation, hand dominance, and gender. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 35, 605 - 618.
Reidel, S. (1995). Consideration of grip and push forces for the assessment of vibration exposure. Central European Journal of Public Health, 3, 139 - 141.
Rempel, D. M., Harrison, R. J., & Barnhart, S. (1992). Work - related cumulative trauma disorders of the upper extremity. Journal of the American Medical Association, 267, 838 - 842.
Richmond, D. R. (1994). Handlebar problems in bicycling. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 13, 165-173.
Sloane, E. A. (1970). The complete book of bicycling. New York: Trident Press.
Vey Mestdagh, K. (1994). De optimale fietshouding’ enkele elementaire aspecten van een meetsysteem. Geneeskunde and Sport, 27, 194-202.
Sarabon, N., Fonda, B., & Markovic, G. (2011). Change of muscle activation patterns in uphill cycling of varying slope. European Journal of Applied Physiology. doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2236-1
Salai, M., Brosh, T., Blankstein, A., Oran, A., & Chechik, A. (1999). Effect of changing the saddle angle on the incidence of low back pain in recreational bicyclists. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 33, 398-400