帳號:guest(3.145.75.49)          離開系統
字體大小: 字級放大   字級縮小   預設字形  

詳目顯示

以作者查詢圖書館館藏以作者查詢臺灣博碩士論文系統以作者查詢全國書目
作者(中文):胡月芬
論文名稱(中文):兒童旅遊經驗對環境態度和環境行為影響之研究
指導教授(中文):陳鸞鳳
曾慈慧
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立新竹教育大學
系所名稱:環境與文化資源學系碩士班
學號:10024305
出版年(民國):103
畢業學年度:102
語文別:中文
中文關鍵詞:兒童旅遊經驗環境態度環境行為
外文關鍵詞:ChildrenTravel ExperiencesEnvironmental AttitudesEnvironmental Behaviors
相關次數:
  • 推薦推薦:0
  • 點閱點閱:48
  • 評分評分:*****
  • 下載下載:0
  • 收藏收藏:0
中文摘要
本研究之目的在探討兒童旅遊經驗及當中影響環境態度及環境行為的因素,並再探究環境態度和環境行為間的關聯性。本研究以新竹縣公立國小高年級學童為研究對象,採用分層及立意抽樣二階段之抽樣方法進行問卷調查,共發放700份問卷,扣除回答不完整及回答一致性之問卷,有效回收問卷為673份,可使用有效問卷率為96.1%。以SPSS 17.0統計軟體進行敘述性統計、因素分析、信度分析及迴歸分析等統計分析。本研究結果顯示:1.兒童的旅遊經驗不論是旅遊的次數或喜愛程度,都市旅遊都高過自然旅遊。2.兒童環境保護態度、環境行為屬中間偏正向。3.旅遊經驗中,自然賞景次數、自然賞景喜愛程度、文化探索、涉入,都對環境保護態度有顯著的正向影響力,其中以自然賞景的喜愛程度和文化探索的影響力最強;都市旅遊次數則有負向影響力。4.旅遊經驗中,自然賞景次數、快樂主義、文化探索、涉入對環境行為有顯著的影響力,其中以自然賞景次數和文化探索的影響力最大,所以常接觸、欣賞自然的旅遊經驗和對旅遊地文化的學習,可以促進環境行為。5.旅遊經驗中,意義性、戶外遊憩次數、都市旅遊喜愛程度,對環境利用態度有正向影響力,其中以意義性的影響力最大;都市旅遊次數則有負向影響力。6.環境保護態度對環境行為有顯著正向影響力,其中以關心資源態度對環境行為最具影響力,顯示當環境行為符合個人經濟利益時,此時環境態度與環境行為的相關性比較強。最後根據研究結果,對提升有利於環境態度和行為的旅遊經驗,促進正向環境態度與環境行為,提出幾點相關建議。
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate children’s travel experences and the variables that affect their environmental attitudes and behaviors, and then explore the relationship between environmental attitudes and environmental behaviors. In this study the fifth and sixth grade students of Hsinchu County public public elementary school were examined, and conducting a questionnaire survey by two-stage sampling method of stratifying and purposive sampling. Total amount of 700 questionnaires were distributed ,the questionnaires were deducted which were not completely answered and with consistency of the responses, 673 valid questionnaires were received ,the rate of valid questionnaires was 96.1%. The data were conducted descriptive statistics analysis, factor Analysis, reliability analysis, regression analysis other statistical analyses with SPSS 17.0 statistical software . The result of this research shows that: 1.The travel experiences of children presenting urban travel are higher than urban travel, both in terms of the numbers and preference of travel. 2. Children’s environmental attitude, environmental behavior is trended towards the middle. 3.In travel experiences, the number of nature sightseeing, the preference of enjoy natural sightseeing, cultural exploration and involvement effect the environmental attitudes and behaviors, in which the preference of nature sightseeing and culture exploring are the strongest influences. 4. In travel experiences, the number of nature sightseeing, hedonistic, cultural exploration and involvement positively effect the environmental behavior, in which the number of nature sightseeing and cultural exploration are the strongest influences. Regular contact with nature and enjoy the travel experience for the tourist and cultural learning can promote environmental behavior. 5. In travel experiences, meaningfulness, the number of outdoor recreation, the preference of urban travel effect the environmental attitudes of utilization positively, the meaningfulness is the strongest influence. The frequency of urban travel has negative influence. 6. Environmental attitudes have a significant positive effect the environmental behavior, which the the attitude of caring about resources is the strongest influence. It means when the environmental behaviors compliance with personal economic benefits, the environmental attitudes and behaviors related relatively strong. Based on the results, making a few suggestions to enhance the travel experience conductive to environmental attitudes and behavior, and promote positive environmental attitudes and environmental behavior.
目錄
謝誌 i
中文摘要 ii
英文摘要 iii
目錄 iv
表目錄 v
圖目錄 vi
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的 3
第三節 研究流程 3
第四節 名詞釋義 6
第五節 研究範圍與限制 7
第二章 文獻回顧 9
第一節 旅遊經驗 9
第二節 環境態度 15
第三節 環境行為 26
第四節 旅遊經驗和環境態度、環境行為 35
第三章 研究方法 39
第一節 研究架構與假設 39
第二節 研究對象 40
第三節 研究工具 42
第四節 實證研究資料處理分析 45
第四章 研究結果與討論 47
第一節 研究對象的描述性統計 47
第二節 研究變項之描述性統計分析 49
第三節 研究變項間的相關分析 61
第四節 迴歸分析 63
第五節 人口變項間之差異性分析 88
第五章 研究結論與建議 97
第一節 結論 97
第二節 建議 106
參考文獻 110
中文文獻 106
西文文獻 114
附錄 120

參考文獻
一、 中文文獻
王克先(1996)。文化探索心理學。台北市:桂冠圖書。
王懋雯(1997)。師範學院學生環境行為影響因素之研究—以台北市立師範學院學為例(未出版之碩士論文)。國立台灣師範大學,臺北市。
王懋雯、黃乾全(1998)。師範學院學生環境行為之研究。台北:國立教育資料館編印。
王昭正(譯)(2002)。旅遊與觀光概論(原作者:Dale, G., & Oliver, H.)。台北市:弘智文化。(原著出版年:2000)
王偉琴、吳崇旗(2009)。以早期戶外經驗探討遊客環境態度、活動涉入與環境行為之關係。觀光休閒學報,15(1),23-47。
中華民國交通部觀光局(2012)。2011年國人旅遊狀況調查。取自:http://admin.taiwan. net.tw/statistics/market.aspx?no=133
中華民國交通部觀光局(2013)。觀光市場分析摘要。取自:http://admin.taiwan. net.tw/ statistics/release.aspx?no=136
王柏青(1995)。遊客之環境倫理態度及其與生態旅遊經營管理關係之研究:以關渡濕地為例(未出版之碩士論文)。東海大學,臺中市。
王柏青、侯錦雄(1995)。關渡濕地遊客環境態度類群之研究。觀光研究學報,1(4),1-20。
危芷芬(譯)(1995)。環境心理學(原作者:McAndrew, F. T.)。台北:五南。 (原著出版年:1993)
江東祐(2002)。國小學童環境行為之探討—以花蓮地區國小學生為例(未出版之碩士論文)。國立東華大學,花蓮縣。
宋慧君(2011)。澎湖地區高中職學生對生態旅遊的環境認知、環境態度及環境行 為之因果關係研究(未出版之碩士論文)。澎湖科技大學,澎湖縣。
李永展(1991)。環境態度與保育行為之研究:美國文獻回顧與概念模式之發展。國立臺灣大學建築與城鄉研究學報,9(6),73-98。
李美枝(1994)。社會心理學—理論研究與應用。台北:大洋出版社。
李永展、馬立文(1994)。由環境衝擊觀點論土地開發應有之政策。規劃學報,21,77-88。
李永展(1995)。環境態度與環保行為-理論與實證。台北:胡氏圖書出版社。
李思屏、林晏州(2001)。遊客對生態旅遊之環境態度與行為關係之研究—以關渡自然公園為例。戶外遊憩研究,14(3),15-36。
沈廣城(2002)。國小學童環境知識、環境態度與環境行為之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立屏東師範學院,屏東縣。
吳敏惠(2001)。遊客對生態觀光態度及行為認知差異之研究:以關渡自然公園賞
鳥活動為例(未出版之碩士論文)。世新大學,臺北。
吳鵬兆(2001)。偏遠與都市地區高級中學學生環境行為影響因素之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立台灣師範大學,臺北。
吳運全、謝智謀 (2002)。生態旅遊遊客環境態度之研究─以綠島為例。2002生態旅遊學術論文發表會論文集(頁199-216)。台北:中華民國永續生態旅遊協會。
吳虹萱(2008)。親子旅遊中親子關係對休閒體驗之影響(未出版之碩士論文)。中國文化大學,臺北。
伕國晏、盧詩欣、曾慈慧(2010)。兒童的旅遊經驗、地理知識與地方感之研究。區域與社會發展研究,1,267-303。
邱家範(2000)。高雄市家戶資源回收行為整合模式研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立中山大學,高雄。
邱皓政(2002)。量化研究與統計分析:SPSS 中文視窗版資料分析範例解析。台北:五南。
林玉貴(2001)。青少年及青年食品綠色消費認知、態度及行為研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立師範大學,臺北。
林建南(2009)。論文化活力在永續發展文化轉型中的意涵。環境教育研究,6 (2),21-48。
洪俐玲(1999)。國小六年級學生對野生動物保育的知識、態度及行為之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立花蓮師範學院,花蓮縣。
柯俊欽(2004)。南投縣國小學童環境知識、環境態度與環境行為意圖之調查研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺南師範學院,台南。
侯錦雄、郭彰仁(1998)。從遊客環境態度之觀點探討公園遊客對直接/間接式管理類型之認同-以台中市為例。東海學報, 39(6), 233-251。
徐永鑫(2004)。苗栗縣綠色學校國小高年級學童之環境敏感度、環境議題知識及環境行為表現之調查研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立新竹教育大學,新竹縣。
黃乾全(1990)。學校環境教育之探討。教育研究雙月刊,15,22-26。
曹勝雄(2001)。觀光行銷學。台北:揚智文化事業有限公司。
張子超(2001)。環境教育課程設計。台北:師大。
張巧鈴(2005)。家庭用戶購買省電燈泡影響因素之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立中山大學,高雄。
張宛綺(2005)。七股溼地遊憩體驗與環境認知之研究—以國小學童為例(未出版之碩士論文)。朝陽科技大學,台中縣。
張春興(2007)。教育心理學:三化取向的理論與實踐(第二版)。台北市:東華書局。
張淑娟(2009)。世界文化遺產旅遊經驗暨旅遊文化探索之探究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,臺北。
郭孟倪(2008)。利用生態旅遊進行環境教育對學生環境認知、環境態度及環境行為影響之研究-以南投縣三育中學為例(未出版之碩士論文)。南台科技大學,台南縣。
陳秋澕(1999)。國小學童環保行為之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立嘉義師範學院,嘉義。
陳志欣(2002)。環境議題教學對國小學童環境認知、態度及行為之影響(未出版之碩士論文)。屏東師範學院,屏東。
陳小雯(2009)。旅遊與幸福(未出版之博士論文)。國立中央大學,桃園。
陳美惠(2011)。親子旅遊產品購買因素之階層分析-方法目的鏈之應用(未出版之博士論文)。朝陽科技大學,臺中。
黃安邦(1988)。社會心理學。台北:五南書局。
傅木龍 (1991)。 國民小學環境教育教學內容及學生環境知識與態度之研究。(已出版之碩士論文)。國立高雄師範大學,高雄。
楊冠政(1993)。環境素養。環境教育季刊,19,2-14。
楊冠政(1998)。環境教育。台北市:明文書局。
楊書銘(2001)。強制垃圾分類政策對民眾資源回收行為之影響評估(未出版之碩士論文)。國立中山大學,高雄。
楊漢宗(2002)。經濟性與管制性資源回收政策比較(未出版之碩士論文)。國立中山大學,高雄。
靳知勤(1994)。環境知識、態度與行為之研究。環境教育,21,47-59。
葉浩(譯)(2007)。觀光客的凝視(原作者:Urry, J.)。臺北市:書林。(原著出版年:2002)
詹明甄(2004)。婦女出國旅遊動機、購物行為與旅遊體驗相關之探討(未出版之碩士論文)。世新大學,臺北。
劉怡伶(2003)。台灣旅遊活動的階層分群現象(未出版之碩士論文)。國立政治大學,台北。
劉修祥(譯)(2003)。觀光心理學(原作者:G, F. Ross)。臺北市:桂魯。(原著出版年:1994)
鄭語謙(2012)。二0一二年(第十二屆)小朋友幸福大調查。講義雜誌,301,46-53。
鄭雅筠(2007)。情境因素影響環境態度與破壞行為關係之研究-以陽明山國家公園遊客亂丟垃圾行為為例(未出版之碩士論文)。中國文化大學,台北。
蔡孟宜(2000)。大學生環境認知、態度與行為相關研究¬ -以逢甲大學為例(未出版之碩士論文)。逢甲大學,臺中。
蕭雅方(1998)。登山嚮導環境態度之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立東華大學,花蓮縣。
盧雲亭(1999)。現代旅遊地理學(合訂本)。台北:地景企業股份有限公司。
謝淑芬(1994)。觀光心理學。臺北:五南出版有限公司。
謝欣佐(2000)。師院學生的綠色消費態度與綠色消費行為之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。臺中師範學院,臺中。

二、 西文文獻
Allen,J. B., & Ferrand, J. (1999). Environmental locus of control, sympathy, and proenvironmental behavior: a test of Geller’s actively caring hypothesis, Environment and Behavior, 31(3), 338–353.
Allport, G. W. (1935). Social Psychology. New Jersey: Englewood Ciffs, Prentice-Hall Inc.
Bixler, R. D., Floyd, M. F., & Hammitt, W. E. (2002). Environmental socialization: quantitative test of the childhood play hypothesis. Environment and Behavior, 34(6), 795-818.
Bogner, F. X., & Wilhelm, M. G. (1996). Environmental perspectives of pupils: The development of an attitude and behaviour scale. The Environmentalist, 16, 95–110.
Bogner, F. X., & Wiseman, M. (2006). Adolescents’ attitudes towards nature and environment: Quantifying the 2-MEV model. The Environmentalist, 26, 247–254.
Byrnes, D. A. (2001). Travel Schooling: Helping children learn through travel, Childhood Education,77(6), 345-350.
Carrus, G., Bonaiuto, M., & Bonnes, M. (2005). Environmental concern, regional identity, and support for protected areas in Italy. Environment & Behavior, 37, 237-257.
Chawla, L. (1998). Significant life experiences revisited: A review of research on sources of environmental sensitivity, Environmental Education Research, 4(4), 369–382.
Chawla, L. (2007). Childhood experiences associated with care for the natural world: A theoretical framework for empirical results. Children, Youth and Environments,17, 144-170.
Chawla, L., & Cushing, D. (2007). Education for strategic environmental behavior. Environmental Education Research, 13, 437-452.
Cohen, E. (1978). The impact of tourism on the physical environment. Annals of Tourism Research, 215-237.
Collado, S., Staats, H., & Corraliza, J. A. (2013). Experiencing nature in children’s summer camps: Affective, cognitive and behavioural consequences. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 33, 37-44.
Cottrell, S. P. (2003). Monitoring environmental behaviour among recreational boaters. The Environment Papers Series, 6(2), 32-39. Glasgow Caledonian University, Scotland.
Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing : A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 671-684.
Davis, B., Rea, T., & Waite, S. (2006). The special nature of outdoors: Its contribution to the education of children at aged 3-11. Australian Journal of Outdoor Education,
10, 3-12.
Dolnicar, S., & Grün, B. (2009). Environmentally friendly behavior: Can heterogeneity among individuals and contexts/environments be harvested for improved sustainable management? Environment and Behavior, 41(5), 693-714.
Dunlap, E. R., & Van Liere, K. D. (1978). The "new environmental paradigm" : a proposed measuring instrument and preliminary results. The Journal of Environmental Education, 9, 10-19.
Eagles, P. F. J., & Demare, R. (1999). Factors influencing children’s environmental attitudes. Journal of Environmental Education, 30(4), 33-37.
Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. (1987). The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors, Psychological Bulletin, 101, 91-119.
Fietkau, H.-J., & Kessel, H. (1981). Umweltlernen: Veraenderungsmoeglichkeiten des Umweltbewusstseins. Modell-Erfahrungen (Koenigstein, Hain).
Geller, E. (1995). Actively caring for the environment: An integration of behaviorism and humanism. Environment and Behavior, 27, 184-195.
Gigliotti, L. M. (1994). Environmental issues: Cornell students’ willingness to take ation, The Journal of Environmental Education, 25(1), pp. 34–42.
Hines, J. M. (1985). An analysis and synthesis of research on responsible environmental behavior (Doctoral dissertation, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1984). Abstracts International, 46(3):655A.
Hines, J. M., Hungerford, H. R., & Tomera, A. N. (1986). Analysis and synthesis of research on responsible environmental behavior: a meta-analysis. The Journal of Environmental Education, 18(2),1-8.
Hsu, S. J. (2004). The effects of an environmental education program on responsible environmental behavior and associated environmental literacy variables in Taiwanese college students. The Journal of Environmental Education, 35(2),37-48.
Hudspeth, T. (1983). Citizen participation in environmental and natural resource planning, decision making and policy formulation. In A. Sacks, et al. (Eds.), Current issues in environmental education and environmental studies (Vol. VIII) (pp.23-26). Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearing for Science, Mathematics, and Environmental Education.
Hull, R. B. (1990). Emotion and leisure: Causes and consequences. Journal of Leisure Research, 22, 55-67.
Hungerford, H.R., & Peyton, R. B. (1976). Teaching environmental education. Portland, ME: J. Weston Walch.
Hungerford, H. R., & Volk, T. L. (1990). Changing learner behavior through environmental education. The Journal of Environmental Education, 21(3),8-21.
Hungerfrod, H. R., & Peyton, R. B.(1976). Teaching Environmental Education. Portland, Me.: J. Weston Walch.
Johnson, B., & Manoli, C. C. (2008). Using Bogner and Wiseman’s Model of Ecological Values to measure the impact of an earth education program on children’s environmental perceptions. Environmental Education Research, 14, 115–127.
Johnson, B., & Manoli, C. C. (2011).The 2-MEV scale in the United States: A measure of children’s environmental attitudes based on the theory of ecological attitude. The Journal of Environmental Education, 42(2), 84-97.
Kaiser, F. G., & Gutscher, H. (2003). The proposition of a general version of the theory of planned behavior: predicting ecological behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(3), 586-603.
Kahn, P. H. (1999). The human relationship with nature. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Kals, E., Schumacher, D., & Montada, L. (1999). Emotional affinity toward nature as a motivational basis to protect nature. Environment and Behavior, 31, 178-202.
Kellert, S. R. (2005). Building for life: Designing and understanding the human-nature conncetion. Washington, D. C.: Island Press.
Kelly, J. R. (1985). Recreation Business. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Kendall , J. W., & Var, T. (1984). The Perceived Impact of Tourism: The State of the Art. Vancouver: Simon Fraser University.
Kim, J. H., Ritchie J. R. B., & McCormick, B. (2012). Develop of a scale to measure memorable tourism experiences. Journal of Travel Reasearch, 51(1), 12-25.
Kim, A. K. J. (2012). Determinants of tourist behavior in coastal environmental protection. Tourism Geographies, 14(1), 26-49.
Kollmuss, A. & Agyeman, J. (2002). Mind the gap: Why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behaviour? Environmental Education Research, 8(3), 239–260.
Linda, S., Goda, P., Ellen V. D. W., Judith, L.(2014). The significance of the hedonic values for environmentally relevant attitudes, preferences, and actions. Environment and Behavior, 46(2), 163-192.
Lovelock, J. (1995). Gaia: A new look at life on earth. New York: Oxford University Press.
Manfredo, M. J., Teel, T. L., & Henry, K. L. (2009). Linking society and environment: A multilevel model of shifting wildlife value orientations in the western United States, Social Science Quarterly, 90 (2), 407–427.
Manoli, C. C., Johnson, B., & Dunlap, R. E. (2007). Assessing children’s environmental worldviews: Modifying and validating the New Ecological Paradigm Scale for use with children. Journal of Environmental Education, 38(4), 3–13.
Marcinkowski, T. J. (1988). An analysis of correlates and predictors of responsible environmental behavior. Dissertation Abstracts International, 49(12), 3677-A. (University Microfilms No. DEW89-03716.)
Mayor, F. (1996). Crucible for a common ethic. Our Planet, 8(2), 4-6.
Milfont, T. L., & Duckitt, J. (2004). The structure of environmental attitudes: A first-and second-order confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24, 289-303.
Millar, M. G., & Millar, K. U. (1996). The effects of direct and indirect experience on affective and cognitive responses and the attitude-behavior relation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32(6), 561-579.
Monroe, M. C. (2003). Two avenues for encouraging conservation behaviours, Human Ecology Review,10(2), 113–125.
Newhouse, N. (1990). Implication of attitude and behavior research for environmental conservation. The Journal of Environmental Education, 22(1), 26-32.
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1981). Attitudes and persuasion: Classic and contemporary approaches. Dubuque, IA: William C. Brown.
Poria, Y., Atzaba-poria N., & Barrett, M. (2005). Research note: The relationship between children’s geographical knowledge and travel experience: An exploratory study. Tourism Geographies, 4 , 389–397.
Rajaram, S. (1996). Perceptual effects on remembering: Recollective process in picture recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology : Learning , Memory, and Cognition, 22, 365-377.
Rajecki, D. W. (1982). Attitudes: themes and advances (Sunderland, MA, Sinauer ).
Reder, L. M., Donavos, D. K., & Erickson, M. A. (2002). Perceptual match effects in direct tests of memory: The role of contextual fan . Memory and Cognition, 30(2), 312-323.
Robinson, H. (1976). A geography of tourism. Plymouth: Macdonald & Evans.
Ritchie, B. W. (2003). Managing educational tourism. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
Schwartz, S. H. (1977). Normative influences on altruism. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 10, pp. 221–279). New York: Academic Press.
Scott, D., & Willits, F. K. (1994). Environmental attitude and behavior: A Pennsylvania survey. Environment and Behavior , 26(2), 239-260.
Sia, A. P., Hungerford, H. R., & Tomera, A. N. (1985). Selected predictors of responsible environmental behavior: An analysis. The Journal of Environmental Education, 17(2), 31-40.
Simmons, D. A. (1995). The NAAEE standards project (Dekalb, IL: Northern Illinois University).
Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., & Karlof, L. (1993). Values orientation, gender, and environmental concern, Environment and Behavior, 25(3), 322–348.
Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., Kalof, L., & Guagnano, G. A. (1995). Values, beliefs, and proenvironmental attitude formation toward emergent attitude objects. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 1611-1636.
Talbot, J. F., & Kaplan, S. (1986). Perspectives on wilderness: Re-examining the value of extended wilderness experiences. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 6,177-188.
Tanner, T. (1980). Significant life experiences: A new research area in environmental education. The Journal of Environmental Education, 11(4), 20-24.
Tarrant, M. A., & Green (1999). Outdoor recreation and the predictive vaidity of environmental attitudes. Leisure Sciences, 21 (1), 17-30.
Teisl, M. F., & O’Brien, K. (2003). Who cares and who acts?: Outdoor recreationists exhibit different levels of environmental concern and behavior. Environment and Behavior, 35, 506e522.
Thapa, B., & Graefe, A. (2003). Forest recreationists and environmentalism. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 21(1), 75–103.
Thomas, W. I., & Znaniecki, F. (1958). The Polish Peasant in Europe and American, Vol I and II, New York: Dover Publications[1918-1920].
Thornton, P. R., Shaw, G., & Williams, A. M. (1997). Tourist group holiday   decision-making and behavior: The influence of children. Tourism Management, 18(5), 287–297.
Travis, A. S. (1982). Managing the environment and cultural impacts of tourism and leisure development. Tourism Management, 3, 256-262.
Weber, A. L. (1991). Introduction to Psychology, HarperCollins Colledge, New York.
Weigel, R. H. , & Newman, L. S. (1976). Increasing attitude-behavior correspondence by broadening the scope of the behavioral measure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 793-802.
Weigel, R. H. (1983). Environmental attitudes and the prediction of behavior. In N. R. Feimer and E. S. Geller (Eds.) Environmental psychology : Directions and perspectives. New York : Praeger.
Wells, N., & Lekies, K. (2006). Nature and the life course: Pathways from childhood nature experiences to adult environmentalism. Children, Youth and Environments,
16, 2-25.
Wiseman, M., & Bogner, F. X. (2003). A higher-order model of ecological values and its relationship to personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 783–794.
Wurzinger, S., & Johansson, M. (2006). Environmental concern and knowledge of ecotourism among three groups of Swedish tourists, Journal of Travel Research, 45, 217–226.
 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
* *