本論文旨在開發一由蓄電池/超電容供電之電動車用內置磁石永磁同步馬達驅動系統同時具有聯網及能源擷取功能。蓄電池與超電容分別經由各自之雙向昇/降壓轉換器介接至馬達驅動系統之直流鏈。蓄電池之介面採用交錯式轉換器，以降低漣波並固有故障容忍性。在廣速度範圍下，直流鏈電壓可以低於或高於蓄電池電壓。超電容可以快速釋放能量幫助馬達急加速及儲存再生煞車回送之能量，再轉存至蓄電池。標準與無位置感測控制電動車內置磁石永磁同步馬達驅動系統均建構並比較評定其性能。所提之高頻注入無位置感測控制機構，利用改變之高頻注入信號頻率，減少馬達固有之反電動勢諧波影響。透過適當之控制，所建驅動系統具良好之驅控特性，包含加/減速、反轉及再生煞車。
在閒置時，所開發之電動車可以利用其驅動器之內具元件從事電網至車輛、車輛至電網和車輛至家庭等操作。在電網至車輛操作上，以切換式整流器建構之車載充電器，可獲得良好之交流入電電力品質。至於車輛至家庭/車輛至電網之操作，所建構之單相三線式變頻器可產出具良好波形品質的220V/110V 60Hz交流電壓，供電給家用電器。更甚者，可回送預設之功率至市電。
對於所建構之能源收集系統，車輛於任何情況下，車頂之太陽能光伏可直接對電池充電。於閒置時，可取用之直流源或單相交流電源均可透過所建構之昇壓型切換式整流器對電池進行輔助充電。

This thesis develops an electric vehicle (EV) interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drive powered by battery/supercapacitor (SC) with grid-connected and energy harvesting functions. Both the battery and the SC are respectively interfaced to the motor drive DC-link via its own bidirectional buck-boost converter. And the interleaved converter is adopted for the battery to possess redundant capability. The DC-link voltage can be varied below or above the battery voltage in wide speed range. The SC can quickly discharge energy to assist the motor rapid acceleration and store the recovered regenerative braking energy and transfer to the battery. Both standard and position sensorless controls for the EV IPMSM drive are conducted and comparatively evaluated. The high-frequency injection (HFI) sensorless control approach with changed injection frequencies is proposed to reduce the inherent back-EMF harmonic effects. Through proper control, good driving performances are preserved, including acceleration/deceleration, reversible and regenerative braking operations.
In idle condition, the developed EV motor drive can be arranged to possess grid-to- vehicle (G2V), vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and vehicle-to-home (V2H) operations using the embedded motor drive components. In G2V operation, an on-board switch-mode rectifier (SMR) based charger is formed to perform battery charging with good line drawn power quality. As to the V2H/V2G operations, the 220V/110V 60Hz AC output voltages with good waveform quality are generated from the developed single-phase three-wire (1P3W) inverter to power home appliances. The preset power can also be sent back to the utility grid.
As to the established energy harvesting system, the roof mounted PV can directly charge the battery in any conditions. In idle case, the accessible DC source or single-phase AC source can charge the battery via the constructed boost SMR.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
LIST OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES xviii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xx
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 2 BASICS OF PERMANENT-MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR DRIVES AND ELECTRIC VEHICLES 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 PMSM Drives 7
A. Motor Structures 8
B. Physical Modeling 9
C. Parameter Estimation of the Employed PMSM 12
2.3 Electric Vehicles 16
A. Classifications of EVs 16
B. Power Control Units 17
C. EV Emulated Load 18
2.4 Energy Storage Devices 22
A. Battery 22
B. Supercapacitor 22
2.5 Electric Vehicle as a Movable Energy Storage 24
2.6 Interface Power Converters 25
A. DC/DC Converters 25
B. AC/DC Switched-Mode Rectifiers . 26
C. PWM Inverters 27
D. Possible Single-phase Three-wire Inverters 29
2.7 Some Integrated Converters Capable of Grid-connected Operations 31
2.8 The Developed EV IPMSM Drive 34
CHAPTER 3 STANDARD AND POSITION SENSORLESS ELECTRIC VEHICLE IPMSM DRIVES 36
3.1 Introduction 36
3.2 Standard EV IPMSM Drive 36
A. Functional Descriptions 38
B. Power Circuit 40
C. Control Schemes of IPMSM Drive 40
3.3 Battery Interface DC/DC Converter 43
A. Power Circuit Operation 43
B. Design of Power Circuit Components 47
C. Control Schemes 48
D. Experimental Performance Evaluation for the Front-end DC/DC Converter 55
3.4 Experimental Evaluation of Standard EV IPMSM Drive 56
A. Starting Characteristics 56
B. Steady-state Characteristics 57
C. Speed Dynamic Response 58
D. Some Key Issues in Performance Enhancements 59
E. Acceleration/Deceleration, Reversible and Regenerative Braking Characteristics 63
F. Adjustable DC-link Voltage 65
G. Fault-tolerant Capability 75
3.5 Standard EV IPMSM Drive Incorporated with SC 76
A. System Configuration 76
B. SC Bidirectional Buck-boost/Buck-boost Interface Converter 77
C. Experimental Verification 79
3.6 Dynamic Braking 86
3.7 Position Sensorless EV IPMSM Drive 88
A. System Configuration 88
B. Phase Voltage Equation 88
C. Current and Speed Control Schemes 91
3.8 Experimental Evaluation of Position Sensorless EV IPMSM Drive 95
A. Starting Characteristics 95
B. Steady-state Characteristics 96
C. Dynamic Speed Response 99
D. Acceleration/Deceleration Characteristics 102
E. Regenerative Braking Characteristics 104
F. Effects of Fixed-frequency and Varied-frequency Injected Signals 106
CHAPTER 4 MOVABLE ENERGY STORAGE APPLICATIONS OF THE ESTABLISHED EV IPMSM DRIVE 108
4.1 Introduction 108
4.2 G2V Charging Operation 108
4.2.1 System Configuration 108
4.2.2 Single-phase Boost SMR Based G2V Charger110
A. Single-phase Boost SMR 110
B. Single-phase H-bridge Boost SMR Based Battery Charger 114
4.2.3 Three-phase Boost SMR Based G2V Charger 115
A. Three-phase Boost SMR 115
B. Three-phase Boost SMR Based Battery Charger120
4.3 Functional Description of V2H/V2G Modes 121
4.4 V2H Discharging Operation 122
A. Power Circuit 124
B. Modeling of 1P3W Inverter 124
C. Inverter Control Schemes 126
D. Experimental Results 128
4.5 V2G Discharging Operation 133
A. System Configuration and Functional Description 133
B. Control Schemes 134
C. Experimental Results 137
CHAPTER 5 EV ON-BOARD BATTERY AUXILIARY CHARGING VIA ENERGY HARVESTING SYSTEM 161
5.1 Introduction 161
5.2 System Configuration 161
5.3 The Established Single-phase Bridgeless SMR 162
A. Interleaved Buck-Boost DC/DC Converter 162
B. Single-phase Bridgeless Boost SMR 165
C. Plug-in SMR Based Auxiliary Battery Charger with AC Source Input 173
D. Plug-in SMR Based Auxiliary Battery Charger with DC Source Input 176
5.4 Harvested PV Source via DC/DC Boost Converter 183
A. Power Circuit 183
B. Control Scheme 185
C. Experimental Verification 185
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS 187
REFERENCES 189

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Field-weakening control
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Voltage boosting and pulse amplitude modulation
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D. Hybrid energy storage system in EVs
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E. Photovoltaic in EVs
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F. Position Sensorless Control Methods
Based on the derived variables or identified parameters
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Observer based methods
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Back-EMF methods
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Methods based on rotor magnet saliency
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G. PWM Inverters
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H. Grid Connection Functions
Vehicle-to-Home/Vehicle-to-Grid Discharging Operation
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I. Front-end Converters and Switch-mode Rectifiers
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K. Others
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