本論文旨在研製一具電網至車輛、車輛至家庭、車輛至電網及插入式能源收集功能之蓄電池/超電容供電電動車開關式磁阻馬達驅動系統，所有輔助功能係利用馬達驅動系統中既有元件構成之轉換器予以實現。
所建開關式磁阻馬達驅動系統由蓄電池經單向交錯式升降壓直流/直流介面轉換器供電，藉由一些關鍵事務之處理以得良好之驅控性能，包含換相時刻之設定與移位、電流與速度控制之改善、及直流鏈電壓之調整等。有賴於所研製之介面轉換器，直流鏈電壓可靈活地被調整成高於或低於蓄電池電壓。且透過適當之換相設定，成功地實現再生剎車，當再生煞車失效時，可由動態煞車防止直流鏈過壓。所具良好驅動性能包含加/減速、正反轉和再生煞車。為增加電動車之總體儲能利用率，蓄電池輔加以功率型超級電容，超級電容經由雙向升降壓直流/直流介面轉換器介接至直流鏈。透過適當之協調控制，車輛短時間及頻繁地之加減速能量轉換，可由超級電容迅速處理，有助於蓄電池壽命之延長。
於電動車閒置時，一雙向單相三線式變頻器利用馬達驅動系統之固有元件構成，可實現電網至車輛、車輛至家庭及車輛至電網等操作。於電網至車輛充電模式，電動車蓄電池可施行具功率因數校正之充電。而在車輛至家庭及車輛至電網之放電模式，由蓄電池產出之110V/220V 60Hz交流電，可供家用，或將多餘之電能送回電網。在電網連接情況下，負載之虛功率及諧波功率均由蓄電池供給。最後，外加之車載三相維也納切換式整流器，可從事三相電源入電之快速充電，而可插入之電源含三相交流電源、單相交流電源或直流電源。

This thesis presents the establishment of a battery/super-capacitor powered electric vehicle (EV) switched-reluctance motor (SRM) drive with grid-to-vehicle (G2V), vehicle-to-home (V2H), vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and plug-in energy harvesting functions. All these auxiliary functions are conducted with the converters formed using the SRM drive embedded components.
The developed SRM drive is powered from the battery via an interleaved unidirectional buck-boost DC/DC converter. Good driving performances are achieved via properly treating some affairs, including commutation instant setting and shifting, improved current and speed controls, DC-link voltage adjustment, etc. Thanks to the developed interface converter, the DC-link voltage can be flexibly controlled to below and above the battery voltage. The successful generative braking is accomplished via proper commutation setting. A dynamic brake leg is also equipped to avoid the DC-link overvoltage as the regenerative braking is failed. Satisfactory driving performances possessed by the developed SRM drive include acceleration/deceleration, reversible and regenerative braking operations. To obtain better overall storage utilization of an EV, the battery is augmented with the power type super-capacitor (SC) storage. The SC is also interfaced to the DC-link via a bidirectional buck-boost/buck-boost (B-B/B-B) DC/DC converter. Through proper coordinated control arrangement, the energy conversions during intermittent and frequent short-duration acceleration/deceleration can be quickly handled by the SC. This is beneficial for increasing the battery life.
In EV idle condition, a bilateral single-phase three-wire (1P3W) inverter is constructed using the embedded motor drive power devices. The inverter can be arranged to perform G2V and V2H/V2G operations. In G2V mode, the EV battery can be charged from the mains with power factor correction. Conversely, in V2H/V2G modes, the home appliances can be powered with 110V/220V voltages from the on-board battery. Moreover the programmed power can be sent back to the utility grid. In grid-connected cases, all load reactive and harmonic powers can be compensated by the battery powered inverter. Finally, an externally added on-board three-phase Vienna SMR is established. It allows the quick on-board charging from three-phase AC mains. The possible plug-in harvested sources include three-phase AC source, single-phase AC source, or DC source.

ABSTRACT i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii
LIST OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES xix
LIST OF SYMBOLS xx

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTORY SWITCHED-RELUCTANCE MOTORS AND
ELECTRIC VEHICLES 8

2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 Basics of Switched-Reluctance Motor Drive 8
2.3 SRM Converters 13
2.4 Possible Front-End Converters 17
2.4.1 DC/DC Front-End Converters 17
2.4.2 AC/DC Front-End Converters 17
2.4.3 Three-Phase Switch-Mode Rectifiers 19
2.5 Electric Vehicles 21
2.6 Supercapacitor and Flywheel 23
2.7 EV Emulated Load 26
2.7.1 EV Load Torque Modeling 26
2.7.2 Estimation of Parameters for the
Developed EV Load Test-Bench 28
2.7.3 Driving Characteristics of the SRM
Drive with the Developed EV Load
Test-Bench 31
2.8 G2V/V2H/V2G Operations of Electric Vehicles 31
2.9 Some Example EV Multi-Functional Converters 32
2.10 Configuration and Functions of the Developed
EV SRM Drive 36

CHAPTER 3 EV SRM DRIVE POWERED BY BATTERY/SC WITH DC/DC
BUCK-BOOST/BUCK-BOOST INTERFACE CONVERTERS 38

3.1 Introduction 38
3.2 Possible Battery/SC Interconnected
Schematics 38
3.3 Configurations of the Developed SRM Drive in
Driving Mode 40
3.4 Supercapacitor Storage System 40
3.5 Battery Storage System 48
3.6 Switched-Reluctance Motor Drive 55
3.6.1 Power Circuit 55
3.6.2 DSP-Based Digital Control Environment 60
3.6.3 Control Schemes 62
3.6.4 Measured Results 66
3.6.5 Overall Characteristics of the Developed
EV SRM Drive 80

CHAPTER 4 V2H/V2G/G2V OPERATIONS VIA BIDIRECTIONAL
SINGLE-PHASE THREE-WIRE INVERTER 91

4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 System Configurations and Functions 91
4.3 Single-Phase PWM Inverters 93
4.3.1 H-bridge SPWM Inverter 93
4.3.2 Single-Phase Three-Wire Inverters 95
4.4 V2H Operation 97
4.4.1 1P3W Inverter Power Circuit 98
4.4.2 1P3W Inverter Control Scheme 98
4.4.3 Measured Results 102
4.5 V2G Operation 107
4.5.1 Discharging Mode 107
4.5.2 Floating Mode 110
4.5.3 Measured Results 110
4.6 G2V Operation 139
4.6.1 System Configuration 139
4.6.2 Control Schemes 139
4.6.3 Measured Results in G2V Mode 140

CHAPTER 5 VIENNA SMR BASED ENERGY HARVESTING SYSTEM 143

5.1 Introduction 143
5.2 Vienna Switch-Mode Rectifier 143
5.2.1 Circuit Operation 143
5.2.2 Equivalent Circuit Analysis 147
5.2.3 Design of Power Circuit Components 148
5.2.4 Control Scheme 151
5.2.5 Simulation Results 151
5.2.6 Measured Results 153

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS 156

REFERENCES 158

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E. Ripple Torque Reduction and Commutation Instant Shifting
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F. Front-End Converters
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G. Switch-Mode Rectifiers and G2V Operation
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H. Vienna Switch-Mode Rectifiers
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I. Inverters and V2H/V2G Operations
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J. Others
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