藍光傷害日漸嚴重，人們迫切需要一個『人眼』、『生理』、『文物』、『生態』、『環境』、及『夜空』皆友善的無藍害照明光源；為此，我們使用有機發光二極體 (organic light emitting diode, OLED) 技術，搭配可低成本、連續滾印製作之濕式製程，設計、製作出一個可濕製無藍害低色溫的燭光OLED；此元件結構中的電洞注入層、電洞傳輸層與發光層皆是採用濕式製作；從節能的角度看，在亮度100 cd/m2下，此元件能量效率為33.2 lm/W，為白熾燈泡的3倍、蠟燭的300倍；從健康的觀點看，其元件色溫為1,918 K，屬於像燭光的低色溫，此類燭光OLED的褪黑激素抑制量僅為480 nm藍光的1%，相對於高色溫 (5,000 K) 的白光發光二極體 (light emitting diode, LED)、螢光燈與OLED安全15倍；其視網膜可忍受之曝光極限，在一般居家照明100 lux的情形下，約8小時，在辦公室照明500 lux時，則約1.6小時，遠比高色溫白光安全50倍；此項研究可作為啟動”照明文藝復興”的起點，同時具有高附加價值的商業化可行性，勢必能改寫人類照明史，帶給人類健康福祉。

Medical community has been sounding alarm with increasing frequency on the health hazards of blue light. It should now be cleared that we need a blue hazard free lighting source that is friendly to human eyes, physiologies, artifacts, ecosystems, environment, and night skies. In response to a positive demand, we demonstrate here a blue hazard free candlelight organic light-emitting diode (OLED) using wet process at least the layers of emission, hole-injection, and hole-transportation. Wet process enables candlelight OLED to be fabricated cost-effectively with large area-size via continuous roll-to-roll manufacturing.
From energy-saving perspective, at 100 cd/m2, the resultant wet processed candlelight OLED exhibits the power efficiency of 33.2 lm/W, which is 3 and 300 times higher than incandescent bulb and candle, respectively. Notably, from healthy perspective, the resulting 1,918 K candlelight OLED shows only 1% melatonin suppression sensitivity (MSS), comparing to that of 480 nm blue light. The 1% MSS is about 15 times safer as comparing with the high temperature (5,000K) white light emitting diode (LED), compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), and OLED. When it comes to human eye protection, the candlelight OLED permits an 8 hours exposure limit before causing permanent damage to retina at 100 lx, an average lighting level for home living. Under 500 lx, a typical lighting level in office, the exposure limit becomes 5 times shorter, which is about 1.6 hours. The calculated result of exposure limit is 50 times safer than those of high color temperature white lighting counterparts.
This study may serve as a starting point to fuel up a healthy light based “Lighting Renaissance” with high added-value commercialization feasibility. Hence, the candlelight OLED is bound to rewrite the history of mankind lighting and safeguard human health.

目錄
摘要 I
英文摘要 II
致謝 IV
目錄…………………………………………………………………..…IX
表目錄 XIII
圖目錄 XIV
壹、緒論 1
1-1 藍害 1
1-2 為何是燭光 2
1-3 為何不用蠟燭 2
1-4 為何是OLED而不是LED 2
1-5 為何是濕式製程 3
貳、文獻回顧 5
2-1 藍害的報告 5
2-2 OLED的歷史發展 12
2-3 OLED的發光原理 25
2-4 OLED的基本結構 31
2-5 OLED的能量傳遞機制 32
2-6 OLED高效率元件的製作方法[67] 35
2-7 低色溫OLED/LED的進展 43
2-7-1 低色溫OLED的進展 43
2-7-2 低色溫LED的進展 46
2-8 類燭光OLED的誕生 48
2-9 濕製OLED之發展[86] 52
參、理論計算 57
3-1 自然光譜相似性指數 (SRI) 的計算 57
3-2 演色性 (CRI) 的計算 58
3-3 元件效率的計算 60
3-4 視網膜最大可忍受之曝光極限 (MPL) 的計算 61
3-5 退黑激素抑制量 (MSS) 的計算 62
肆、實驗方法 64
4-1 元件結構與使用材料 64
4-2 元件設計與製備 72
4-2-1 元件電路設計 72
4-2-2 基材清洗 73
4-2-3 旋轉塗佈製程 73
4-2-4 熱蒸鍍製程 74
4-2-5 成膜鍍率測定 75
4-2-6 有機層之製備 76
4-2-7 無機層之製備 76
4-3 元件特性量測 77
4-3-1 發光效率之量測 77
4-3-2 電致發光光譜量測 78
伍、結果與討論 79
5-1 類燭光OLED之光質結果 - SRI/CRI (與其他光源之比較) 79
5-2 類燭光OLED與燭光之比較 81
5-2-1 類燭光OLED之燭光光譜相似度 81
5-2-2 類燭光OLED與燭光真實顯色結果比較 85
5-2-3 類燭光OLED之非灼熱可直接觸特性 89
5-3 類燭光OLED效率結果 91
5-3-1 電洞傳輸層 (HTL, VPEC) 的影響 93
5-3-2 染料摻雜濃度的影響 95
5-3-3 主體的影響 97
5-4類燭光之健康特質 - MPL/MSS (與其他光源之比較) 99
柒、結論 102
捌、參考資料 104
附錄、個人著作目錄 113
(A)期刊論文 113
(B)研討會論文 113

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