本論文敘述一套智慧式配藥指示系統，其目的為幫助防止藥師在配藥時所產生的錯誤。此系統使用光學標籤讀取機（如條碼、QR碼等等）輸入藥袋上列印的藥品資訊， 然後點亮相對應藥格邊的指示燈。此系統可靈活支援包裝大小不同的藥品， 藥格個別分成小格後，指示燈仍可依照藥品擺放的藥格組合配合個別指示。此系統能支援數位藥師同時在不同藥劑台進行配藥動作。此系統採用近距無線通訊介面，使得佈建方便，不需再另外拉線。此系統利用行列掃瞄電路實作點燈輸出與滅燈輸入功能， 讓微控器(MCU)可以使用最少的通用輸入輸出埠(GPIO)腳數， 並同時擁有最佳的擴充性。韌體設計讓系統可以有穩定的連線。實驗數據顯示，本系統可以達成所有預期的目標，適合成為技轉對象。若能被廣泛使用，將有機會大幅降低藥師因錯誤所造成可怕甚至致命的結果。由於藥師在配藥時仍然能同時檢查與判斷處方的正確性，本系統也能輔助經驗豐富的藥師找出醫師開處方時可能出現的錯誤。

This thesis describes a smart indicator system that helps prevent errors by pharmacists when filling a prescription. The indicator system uses an optical tag scanner (barcode, QR code, etc) to input a machine-readable tag that encodes the prescribed medicine and lights up the corresponding cell in the medicine cabinet. It is flexible to support several subdivisions of cells for different sizes of drug packages. It also allows multiple pharmacists to fill different prescriptions in parallel. The indicator system has been designed with a short-range wireless communication interface for easy deployment. The novel row-column scanning circuitry also minimizes the number of general-purpose input/output (GPIO) pins that are required of the microcontroller unit (MCU) for maximum scalability with minimum hardware. Additional software techniques also ensure maximum stability of the wireless connection. Experimental results show that our proposed design achieve all these goals, making it an attractive candidate for commercial implementation. The resulting system represents a major step towards eliminating most gruesome or even deadly mistakes that pharmacists could make while still keeping the pharmacists in the loop to catch potential mistakes made by the prescribing doctors.

Abstract
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Thesis Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1 Smart Medication Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1.1 Medicine Information Support System in the Smart Home Environment . . . 4
2.1.2 SmartDrawer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.3 Medication Management, Dispensing and Administration System . . . . . . 5
2.1.4 Magic Medicine Cabinet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.5 The Smart Medicine Cabinet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3 System Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1 Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1.1 Received Prescriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1.2 Drug List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1.3 Drug-to-Cell Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1.4 Selected Prescription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1.5 Cell-to-Light Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1.6 Cell Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3 System Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3.1 Administrative Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3.2 Pharmacy Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.4.1 GPIO Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.4.2 Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.4.3 Stable Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.4.4 Power Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4 System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.1 System Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.1.1 PC Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.1.2 Cabinet Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.1.3 Server Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.2 Workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2.1 Pharmacist Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2.2 Testing Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.3 Bluetooth Low Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5 Cabinet Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.1 BLE Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.1.1 Dongle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.1.2 Cabinet BLE Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.2 Wireless Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.2.1 GAP Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.2.2 GATT Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.2.3 Cabinet Node Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.3 LED Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.4 LED-and-Switch Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6 PC Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.1 Subsystem Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.2 Communication Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
6.2.1 BLE Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
6.2.2 Packet Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.2.3 Serial Port Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.2.4 Overlapping Cabinets Checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.3 Administration Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6.3.1 System Parameters Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6.3.2 Cabinets Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.4 Prescription Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.4.1 Database Establishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.4.2 Pharmacist Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6.4.3 Prescription Scanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6.4.4 Log File Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
7 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.1 Latency of Prescription Scanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.2 BLE Connection Latency Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.3 Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
7.4 Power Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
7.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
8.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
8.2 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

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