本論文為探討金屬奈米粒子在生物醫學工程中的基礎研究及應用潛力。第一部分著重於多孔洞中空金奈米框的合成與其生物毒性的探討。中空金奈米粒子由於其獨特的中空結構及近紅外光波段的良好吸收特性，在生醫工程領域中廣為討論及應用。然而值得注意的是，其組成中約含有40~50%的銀，使中空金奈米粒子於生物體內的穩定性有潛在的疑慮。我們先以伽凡尼置換反應(galvanic replacement)合成傳統的中空金奈米粒子，為了進一步降低結構中的銀含量並同時維持中空奈米結構，我們利用抗壞血酸將四氯金酸還原在中空金奈米粒子上進行結構補強，並再次透過伽凡尼置換反應，使得中空金奈米殼進行去合金化(dealloying)，同時在表面蝕刻出孔洞，成功獲得多孔洞中空金奈米框。在蝕刻的過程中，經結構補強的中空金奈米粒子，其結構中剩餘的銀可以持續被四氯金酸氧化，使此奈米結構的銀含量最終降低至10%。值得注意的是，此結構仍然保有近紅外光的LSPR吸收特性，並可藉由調控奈米粒子的金殼厚度控制蝕刻出的孔洞大小。接著，我們分別測量其光熱穩定性及在生物基質中的穩定性質，發現銀的降低可大幅提升此奈米結構的穩定性，也能減少此結構所釋放出來的銀離子含量。透過體外的細胞實驗，我們發現此新穎奈米結構的確有助於改善原本中空金奈米粒子的細胞毒性，並不會產生自由基毒害細胞。最後在體內實驗中，我們將多孔洞中空金奈米框以尾靜脈注射的給藥方式觀察此奈米結構對小鼠的急毒性。經實驗證明，相較於會使小鼠肝臟發炎的中空金奈米粒子，多孔洞中空金奈米框擁有良好的生物相容性，對小鼠的肝臟不會造成任何影響。
　　本論文的第二部分是在中空金奈米粒子的表面包覆金、鉑或鈀三種具有良好催化性質的金屬。有許多研究中指出，這些貴金屬奈米粒子在不同pH值時會具有過氧化物酶(peroxidase)或過氧化氫酶(catalase)的性質，可作為仿生酶使用。近年來，由雙金屬或三金屬以上組成的奈米結構，其獨特的結構及光學性質將能有效提升其催化效能。我們將金、鉑或鈀包覆中空金奈米粒子的表面，利用中空金奈米粒子的高表面積特性提高此三種金屬的催化活性，催化雙氧水分解為自由基，並利用ABTS捕捉自由基而從無色變綠色的能力偵測雙氧水的分解速度，比較包覆不同金屬的中空金奈米粒子的催化效果。

Gold-base nanostructures have recently received increasing interest due to their tunable localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties and great biocompatibility.
Hollow gold nanoparticles are attractive because of their unique structural and optical properties. Be able to absorb near infrared light, hollow gold nanoparticles are ideal for biomedical applications. However, there are some problems of hollow gold nanoparticles. Restrict to synthesis approach, the remaining Ag in the hollow gold nanoparticles is higher than 50%. In the first topic, we synthesize porous gold nanoparticles through a three major steps process, including galvanic replacement, gold deposition, and silver dealloying. We adjust the thickness of hollow gold nanoparticles to optimize the pore size on the surface. And we also successfully decrease the remaining silver in porous gold nanoparticles. With the decreasing silver content, the porous gold nanoshells have good stability in biomedia and the released amount of Ag ions is significantly reduced. From the in vitro experiments, we found porous gold nanoparticles have great biocompatibility and would not induce ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation. Finally, we examine the toxicity in vivo, porous gold nanoshells would not cause any abnormal pathological changes in liver, spleen, kidney and lung section after 1 day injection.
In the second topic, we deposit 3 kinds of metal (Au, Pt or Pd) onto the surface of hollow gold nanoparticles individually by ascorbic acid. And then we examine the peroxidase-mimic activity of these nanoparticles with different metal and deposition shell thickness by the color change of 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS). The results showthat the peroxidase-mimic activity of hollow gold nanoparticles is significantly enhanced by deposition of Au, Pt or Pd atoms onto the surface.

誌謝 I
中文摘要 II
Abstract IV
圖目錄 VI
第一章　序論 1
1.1 前言 1
1.2 論文架構 2
第二章　文獻回顧 3
2.1 合成金屬奈米粒子(metal nanoparticles) 3
2.1.1 合成實心金奈米粒子(solid gold nanoparticles, SGNs) 3
2.1.2 合成銀奈米粒子(silver nanoparticles, AgNPs) 4
2.1.3 合成中空金奈米粒子(hollow gold nanoparticles, HGNs) 5
2.2 金屬奈米粒子的物化性質 8
2.2.1 光學性質 8
2.2.2 催化性質 11
2.3 金屬奈米粒子生物毒性之探討 13
2.3.1 金奈米粒子之生物毒性探討 13
2.3.2 銀奈米粒子的生物毒性探討 14
2.3.3 鉑/鈀奈米粒子的生物毒性 15
2.4 金屬奈米粒子於生醫工程領域上之應用 17
2.4.1 藥物制放(Drug delivery system, DDS) 17
2.4.2 光熱治療(Photothermal therapy, PTT) 18
2.4.3 光動力治療(Photodynamic therapy, PDT) 21
2.4.4 影像顯影功能(Biomedical images) 23
第三章　製備低生物毒性之多孔洞中空金奈米框 25
3.1 研究目的 25
3.2 研究方法 27
3.3結果與討論 33
3.3.1 奈米粒子的形貌探討 33
3.3.2 奈米粒子的光學性質 41
3.3.3 穩定性測試 44
3.3.4 多孔洞中空金奈米框的細胞毒性評估 50
3.3.5 多孔洞中空金奈米框對細胞內自由基的影響 53
3.3.6 多孔洞中空金奈米框在C57BL/6小鼠體內的生物分布 54
3.3.7 多孔洞中空金奈米框對C57BL/6小鼠臟器的影響 55
3.3.8 多孔洞中空金奈米框對C57BL/6小鼠肝指數的影響 57
3.4 結論 60
第四章　包覆不同金屬之中空金奈米粒子之催化性質探討 61
4.1 研究目的 61
4.2 研究方法 63
4.3 結果與討論 65
4.3.1 包覆不同金屬的中空金奈米粒子之形貌探討 65
4.3.2 包覆不同金屬的中空金奈米粒子之光學性質 67
4.3.3 包覆不同金屬的中空金奈米粒子的催化性質 68
4.4 結論 69
第五章　總結 72
參考文獻 73

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