現今科技日新月異，許多新興科技不斷出現，其中3D列印即是目前較為熱門的新興科技之ㄧ，多數的國家與企業都爭相投入該技術進行研發。3D列印相較於傳統製造其特點為可製造出任意不規則形狀之產品，且適合少量客製化之生產模式，而此些特性非常適合應用於生物醫療領域，病患所需的體外輔助支架、體內仿生支架以及植體，都必須要依據病患之特定需求，為其量身定做。生醫領域中，利用3D列印技術不僅可以大幅降低原本昂貴之醫療器材成本，也可以在手術前先進行模擬，減少手術風險，進而提升醫療之品質。本研究以系統化的方式與專利分析手法探討3D列印目前應用於生醫領域之發展趨勢。首先，利用全球專利資料庫檢索及蒐集相關專利，接著，透過資料探勘與文字探勘技術，從專利文件中動態地擷取出關鍵字，並經由與領域專家之訪談，驗證所挑選關鍵字之正確性。所擷取出的關鍵字可將專利進行分群及相似度分析，再採用正規化概念分析（formal concept analysis, FCA）做為趨勢分析之手法，並以圖形化的方式展現分析結果，使其更容易掌握趨勢走向，藉此，可清楚地辨識該技術之研發機會與潛力，期望透過本研究可提供台灣廠商做為參考資訊，以便進入該領域制定發展策略並迴避現有之專利佈局。

Additive manufacturing (AM or called 3D printing) is a rapidly emerging technology, which enables mass customization for industrial and consumer products. Most of the countries and enterprises are actively involving in the R&D of the AM technologies. The features of AM or 3D printing applications for one-of-the-kind or small quantity of products are very suitable for manufacturing biomedical parts or devices. For example, the auxiliary prosthetic parts in vitro, bionic scaffold in vivo, or explants must be produced based on the patients' specifications. This research analyzes patent evolution to explore 3D printing technology innovations applied specifically. First, the related patents are searched and collected from the global patent databases. Then, through text mining and data mining, the key concepts of patents are dynamically extracted based on the key terms. The extracted and ranked key terms are treated as attributes in patent clustering and similarity analysis. Finally, we use the modified formal concept analysis (MFCA) as a way to analyze technology trends and graphically display of the MFCA results for four clusters of patents. The opportunities and potential of AM R&D in the biomedical domains are visualized based on the MFCA evolution map. This research can provide advanced AM R&D and IP information to domestic enterprises in the industry for formulating their strategies and avoiding patent infringement.

目錄
中文摘要 I
Abstract II
表目錄 V
圖目錄 VII
一、緒論 1
1.1研究背景 1
1.2研究動機與目的 3
1.3研究架構與流程 4
二、文獻探討 6
2.1 3D列印概述 6
2.1.1立體生物列印 7
2.1.2生醫輔助支架 9
2.1.3 3D列印於生醫領域之應用 10
2.2專利分析 12
2.2.1專利地圖 13
2.2.2專利分群 14
2.3本體論 15
2.4知識探勘 16
2.4.1資料探勘 17
2.4.2文字探勘 18
2.5技術預測分析 19
2.6正規化概念分析 21
三、研究方法 27
3.1專利蒐集及字詞擷取 28
3.2專利技術本體論架構 32
3.3專利分群 33
3.4動態專利點陣分析 35
四、3D列印生醫領域應用分析 41
4.1平台系統建構 41
4.2 3D列印生醫相關專利文件蒐集 49
4.3 3D列印生醫領域專利分群 53
4.4 3D列印生醫領域專利技術本體論架構 55
4.5 3D列印生醫領域專利演進分析 59
五、結論與建議 69
六、參考文獻 71

英文文獻
1. ASTM, 2009, Committee F42 on Additive Manufacturing Technologies, West Conshohocken.
2. Atala, A. (2011) Printing a human kidney, Available at : http://www.ted.com/talks/anthony_atala_printing_a_human_kidney/transcript?language=en [March 3, 2014]
3. Albany, N.Y. (2015) Global 3D Printing in Medical Applications Market to Exhibit 15.4% CAGR from 2013 to 2019, Transparency Market Research, Available at : http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150528005546/en/Global-3D-Printing-Medical-Applications-Market-Exhibit#.VYayUfmqpBf [May 28, 2015]
4. Birkhoff, G., 1973, “Lattice Theory”, American Math. Society College Publishers, Providence.
5. BMI Research (2013) Medical device market to expand at phenomenal rate, Available at : http://www.bmiresearch.com/news-and-views/medical-device-market-to-expand-at-phenomenal-rate [January 1, 2013]
6. Carpineto, C., and Romano, G., 2004, “Exploiting the Potential of Concept Lattices for Information Retrieval with CREDO,” J. UCS, Vol. 10, No. 8, pp. 985-1013.
7. Chen, R., 2009, “Design patent map visualization display,” Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 36, No. 10, pp. 12362-12374.
8. Chen, T.S., Tsai, T.H., Chen, Y.T., Lin, C.C., Chen, R.C., Li, S.Y., and Chen, H.Y., 2005, “A combined K-means and hierarchical clustering method for improving the clustering efficiency of microarray,” Proceedings of 2005 International Symposium on InIntelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems, pp. 405-408.
9. Choi, J., Im, N., Kim, Heesu., and Hwang, Y., 2012, “A study on the patent analysis for effective technology forecasting,” 8th International Conference on Information Science and Digital Content Technology, pp. 88-91.
10. Choi, S., and Jun, S., 2014, “Vacant technology forecasting using new Bayesian patent clustering,” Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 241-251.
11. Chandrasekaran, B., Josephson, J .R., and Benjamins, V. R., 1999 “What are ontologies, and why do we need them?” Intelligent Systems and their Applications, IEEE, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 20-26.
12. CORTEX (2013) Cortex exoskeletal cast, Available at : http://www.evilldesign.com/cortex
13. Condliffe, J. (2014) Programmable DNA glue can selectively 3d-print natural materials, Gizmodo, Available at : http://gizmodo.com/programmable-dna-glue-can-selectively-3d-print-natural-1680369465 [January 19, 2014]
14. Dau, F., and Klinger, J., 2005, “From formal concept analysis to contextual logic,” In Proceedings of International Conference Formal Concept Analysis, pp. 81-100.
15. Dubarić, E., Giannoccaro, D., Bengtsson, R., and Ackermann, T., 2011, “Patent data as indicators of wind power technology development,” World patent information, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 144-149.
16. Ernest, H., 1997, “The use of patent data for technological forecasting: the diffusion of cnc-technology in the machine tool industry,” Small Business Economics, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp.361-381.
17. Fayyad, U.M., Piatetsky-Shapiro, G., and Smyth, P., 1996, “From data mining to knowledge discovery in databases,” AI magazine, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp.37.
18. Fedorovich, N.E., Alblas, J., Hennink, W.E., Öner, F.C., and Dhert, W.J., 2011, “Organ printing: the future of bone regeneration?” Trends in Biotechnology, Vol. 29, No. 12, pp. 601-606.
19. Ganter, B., and Wille, R., 1999, “Formal Concept Analysis: Mathematical Foundations,” Springer, Berlin.
20. Gnardellis, T., and Boutsinas, B., 2001, "On experimenting with data mining in education", in Proc. of 2nd Panhellenic Conference with International Participation, Information and Communication Technologies in Education, Patras, pp. 275-283.
21. Guoqian, J., Katsuhiko, O., Akira, E., and Tsunetaro, S., 2003, “Context-based ontology building support in clinical domains using formal concept analysis,” International Journal of Medical Informatics, Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 71-81.
22. Gruber, T., 1993, “Toward Principles for the Design of Ontologies Used for Knowledge Sharing,” International Journal Human-Computer Studies, Vol. 43, No. 5-6, pp. 907-928.
23. He, J., Li, D., Lu, B., Wang, Z., and Zhang, T., 2006, “Custom fabrication of composite tibial hemi-knee joint combining CAD/CAE/CAM techniques,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine, Vol. 220, No. 8, pp. 823-830 .
24. Hipolite, W. (2015) Russian company looks to bring 3d printed casts to market, 3DPrint.com, Available at : http://3dprint.com/43103/3d-printed-cast/ [February 7, 2015]
25. Huhns, M. N., and Stephens, L. M., 1999, “Personal ontologies,” IEEE Internet Computing, Vol. 3, No. 5, pp. 85-87.
26. Jiang, G., Ogasawara, K., Endoh, A., and Sakurai, T., 2003, “Context-based ontology building support in clinical domains using formal concept analysis,” International Journal of Medical Informatics, Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 71-81.
27. Jun, S., and Uhm, D., 2010, “Technology forecasting using frequency time series model: Bio-technology patent analysis,” Journal of Modern Mathematics and Statistics, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 101-104.
28. Kim, J., Hwang, M., Jeong, D.H., and Jung, H., 2012, “Technology trends analysis and forecasting application based on decision tree and statistical feature analysis,” Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 39, No. 16, pp. 12618-12625.
29. Krassenstein, B. (2014) 3D printing of antibiotic infused implants – patent recently published, 3DPrint.com, Available at : http://3dprint.com/7793/3d-print-antibiotics-implants/ [July 1, 2014]
30. LayerWise (2012) layerwise builds the world’s first patient-specific lower jaw, Available at : http://www.metalise.com/en/news/layerwise-builds-the-world%E2%80%99s-first-patient-specific-lower-jaw [February 17, 2012]
31. Lee, C., Jeon, J., and Park, Y., 2011, “Monitoring trends of technological changes based on the dynamic patent lattice: A modified formal concept analysis approach,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 78, No. 4, pp. 690-702.
32. Lee, S., Yoon, B., and Park, Y., 2009, “An approach to discovering new technology opportunities: Keyword-based patent map approach,” Technovation, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 481-497.
33. Liu, F.H., Lee, R.T., Lin, W.H., and Liao, Y.S., 2013, “Selective laser sintering of bio-metal scaffold,” Procedia CIRP, Vol. 5, pp. 83-87.
34. Linning, S. (2014) Indian cancer patient forced to have his upper jaw removed gets entirely new set of teeth built by a 3D printer, Daily Mail Online, Available at : http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2798146/indian-cancer-patient-forced-upper-jaw-removed-gets-entirely-new-set-teeth-built-3d-printer.html [October 18, 2014]
35. MacQueen, J., 1967, “Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations.” In Proceedings of the fifth Berkeley symposium on mathematical statistics and probability, Vol. 1, No. 14, pp. 281-297.
36. Millett, S.M., and Honton, E.J., 1991, “A Manager's Guide to Technology Forecasting and Strategy Analysis Methods,” Ohio, Battelle Press.
37. Markillie, P., 2012, “A Third Industrial Revolution: Special Report Manufacturing and Innovation,” Economist Newspaper.
38. Mientka, M., 2014, “3D-printed cancer tumor model helps scientists study treatments; works better than 2d cell cultures,” Medical Daily, Available at : http://www.medicaldaily.com/3d-printed-cancer-tumor-model-helps-scientists-study-treatments-works-better-2d-cell-cultures-276290 [April 12, 2014]
39. Molitch-Hou, M. (2014) US army’s 3d printed skin near ready for clinical trials, 3D Printing Industry, Available at : http://3dprintingindustry.com/2014/07/21/us-armys-3d-printed-skin-near-ready-clinical-trials/ [July 21, 2014]
40. Nakamura, M., Takiura, K., Yamaguchi, K., Akita, K., Nishiyama, Y., and Henmi, C. 2008, “Alginate Gel Honeycomb Structures Fabricated with the Bioprinter,” In NIP & Digital Fabrication Conference, Society for Imaging Science and Technology Vol. 2008, No. 2, pp. 501-503.
41. Neches, R., Fikes, R.E., Finin, T., Gruber, T.R., Senator, T., and Swartout, W.R., 1991, “Enabling technology for knowledge sharing,” AI Magazine, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 36-56.
42. Obama, B. (2013) President Barack Obama's State of the Union Address -- As Prepared for Delivery, Available at : http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/02/12/president-barack-obamas-state-union-address [February 12, 2013]
43. Oliveri, L., Krieger, A., Chen, M.Y., Kim, P., and Kanter, J.P., 2014, “3D heart model guides complex stent angioplasty of pulmonary venous baffle obstruction in a Mustard repair of D-TGA,” International Journal of Cardiology, Vol. 172, No. 2, pp. 297-298.
44. Organovo (2009) A timeline of the significant events in our company's history, from the initial research on which our company was founded to the present day, Available at : http://www.organovo.com/company/history [September 7, 2009]
45. Organovo (2014) Living human tissue, Available at : http://www.organovo.com/science-technology/bioprinted-human-tissue/living-human-tissue [March 8, 2014]
46. Oxford Performanc (2014) Oxford Performance Materials Receives FDA Clearance for 3D Printed OsteoFab® Patient-Specific Facial Device, Available at : http://www.oxfordpm.com/news/article/2014-08-19_oxford_performance_materials_receives_fda_clearance_for_3d_printed_osteofab_patient-specific_facial_device.php [August 19, 2014]
47. Phys.org. (2013) Printable 'bionic' ear melds electronics and biology, Available at : http://phys.org/news/2013-05-printable-bionic-ear-melds-electronics.html [May 1, 2014]
48. Porter, A., Roper, A., Mason, T., Rossini, F., Banks, J., and Wiederholt, B., 1991, “Forecasting and management of technology,” NewYork: JohnWiley and Sons.
49. Rajaraman, A., and Ullman, J.D., 2011, “Mining of massive datasets,” Cambridge University Press.
50. Salton, G., Wong, A., and Yang, C.S., 1975, “A Vector Space Model for Automatic Indexing,” Communications of the ACM, Vol. 18, No. 11, pp. 613-620.
51. Sánchez, D., Martín-Bautista, M.J., Blanco, I., and Torre, C., 2008, “Text knowledge mining: an alternative to text data mining,” IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops, pp. 664-672.
52. Shiue, Y.C., and Chang, C.C., 2010, “Forecasting Unmanned Vehicle Technologies: Use of Patent Map,” Proceedings, Second International Conference on Computer Research and Development, IEEE Computer Society pp. 752-755.
53. Shneiderman, B., 1997, “The next generation of graphical user interfaces: information visualization and better window management,” Displays, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 125-129.
54. Singh, J.P., and Pandey, P.M., 2013, “Fitment Study of Porous Polyamide Scaffolds Fabricated from Selective Laser Sintering,” Procedia Engineering, Vol. 59, pp. 59-71.
55. Sullivan, D., 2001, “Document warehousing and text mining, Wiley Computer Publishing,” Lavoisier, France.
56. Tam, G.K.T., 2004, “Computer science and software engineering,” Monash University.
57. Trappey, C.V., Trappey, A.J., and Wu, C.Y., 2010, “Clustering patents using non-exhaustive overlaps,” Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 162-181.
58. Trappey, C.V., Wu, H.Y., Taghaboni-Dutta, F., and Trappey, A.J., 2011, “Using patent data for technology forecasting: China RFID patent analysis.” Advanced Engineering Informatics, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 53-64.
59. Tseng, Y.H., Lin, C.J., and Lin, Y.I., 2007, “Text mining techniques for patent analysis,” Information Processing & Management, Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 1216-1247.
60. Tao, G. (2002) Using formal concept analysis for ontology building and structuring, Available at : http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/Math-Net/Preprints/Listen/pp97.html [July 6, 2002]
61. Thomas, D., 2014, “Engineering ourselves – the future potential power of 3D-bioprinting?,” Engineering.com, Available at : http://www.engineering.com/3DPrinting/3DPrintingArticles/ArticleID/7379/Engineering-Ourselves-The-Future-Potential-Power-of-3D-Bioprinting.aspx [March 25, 2014]
62. Taylor, S., 2014, “3D printed custom splints to ease the pain of arthritis,” 3D Printing Industry, Available at : http://3dprintingindustry.com/2014/07/03/3d-printed-custom-splints-ease-pain-arthritis/ [July 3, 2014]
63. Taylor, S. (2014) Baby gabriel’s brain is replicated by 3d printing to aid his surgery, 3D Printing Industry, Available at : http://3dprintingindustry.com/2014/09/08/baby-gabriels-brain-replicated-3d-printing-aid-surgery/ [September 8, 2014]
64. Uschold, M., Grüninger, M., 1996, “Ontologies: Principles methods and applications,” The Knowledge Engineering Review, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 93-155.
65. United Nations (1982) the International Year of Disabled Persons, Available at : http://www.un.org/disabilities/default.asp?id=23 [December 3, 1982]
66. Vaidya, A. (2015) 8 key trends in the global 3D printing in medical applications market, Becker’s spine review, Available at : http://www.beckersspine.com/orthopedic-a-spine-device-a-implant-news/item/25647-8-key-trends-in-the-global-3d-printing-in-medical-applications-market.html#sthash.K2MpswG9 [May 28, 2015]
67. Wang, K.V., and Hernandez, A., 2012, “The review of additive manufacturing,” ISRN Mechanical Engineering.
68. Wille, R., 1982, “Restructuring lattice theory: an approach based on hierarchies of concepts,” in: RivalI. (Ed.), Ordered Sets, Reidel, Dordrecht.
69. Wheeljet, “IPDSS System.” Available at :　http://www.wheeljet.com.tw/IPDSS/Login.aspx [December 1, 2012]
70. Yoon, B.U., Yoon, C.B., and Park, Y.T., 2002, “On the development and application of a self–organizing feature map–based patent map,” R&D Management, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 291-300.
71. Zang, G.Q., Shen, G., Tian, Y., and Sun, J., 2005, “Concept analysis as a formal method for menu design,” Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Design, pp. 13-15.
72. Zhang, J., Zhao, S., Zhu, Y., Huang, Y., Zhu, M., Tao, C., and Zhang, C., 2014, “Three-dimensional printing of strontium-containing mesoporous bioactive glass scaffolds for bone regeneration,” Acta Biomaterialia, Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 2269-2281.
73. Zhong, N., Li, Y., and Wu, S.T., 2012, “Effective pattern discovery for text mining.” Knowledge and Data Engineering, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 30-44.
 
中文文獻
74. 工業技術研究院 (2014)。「2014醫療器材產業五大趨勢」，Available at : https://www.itri.org.tw/chi/news/detail.asp?RootNodeId=060&NodeId=061&NewsID=815 [January 10, 2014]
75. 王奕涵 (2006)。「正規化概念分析的資訊管理領域理論之知識本體建構」 （指導教授：方國定），碩士論文，國立雲林科技大學，資訊管理系碩士班。
76. 行政院 (2014)。「江揆：以前瞻思維，積極擘劃我國3D列印產業策略藍圖」，Available at : http://www.ey.gov.tw/News_Content2.aspx?n=F8BAEBE9491FC830&s=1B89511285CF175F [August 28, 2014]
77. 周文、劉宗田、陳慧瓊(2006)。「FCA與本體結合研究的綜述」，計算機科學 ,Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 8-12
78. 科技產業資訊室(2008)。「專利地圖分類與策略性專利地圖內涵」，Available at: https://www.itri.org.tw/chi/news/detail.asp?RootNodeId=060&NodeId=061&NewsID=815 [January 10, 2014]
79. 科技部 (2014)。「3D列印科技的發展及推動」，Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/OpenMic1/ss-38435422 [August 28, 2014]
80. 科技新報TechNews (2013)。「3D列印專題（二）-從幹細胞到頭蓋骨，3D列印的器官製造奇想」，Available at : http://technews.tw/2013/05/23/3d-organ-printer/ [May 23, 2014]
81. 張云濤、龔玲 (2007)。「資料探勘原理與技術」，五南圖書出版股份有限公司。
82. 張志立 (2004)。「以技術生命週期作為技術預測模式之比較」 （指導教授：耿筠），碩士論文，中原大學，企業管理研究所。
83. 許芙瑲 (2006)。「智慧專利文件分析－以群集及分類方法為基」 （指導教授：張瑞芬），博士論文，國立清華大學，工業工程與工程管理研究所。
84. 陳凱翔 (2013)。「以專利方法預測銅銦鎵硒太陽能電池技術」 （指導教授：許瓊文），碩士論文，逢甲大學，科技管理研究所。
85. 創新曼波INNOMAMBO (2014)。「開源3D列印義肢」，Available at : http://www.seinsights.asia/story/2127/11/2279 [June 6, 2014]
86. 曾元顯 (2004)。「專利文字之知識探勘：技術與挑戰」
87. 徐善慧、陳俊宇(2002)。「巧奪天工的人類智慧－組織工程」，科學發展，2002年8月356期。
88. 宋信文、梁晃千(2003)。「建立人類的身體工房－組織工程」，科學發展，2003年2月362期。
89. 陳霽瑋 (2013)。「以臍帶血間葉幹細胞與人類臍帶靜脈內皮 細胞建立可促進血管新生之組織工程支架」 （指導教授：宋信文），專題研究計畫，清華大學，化學工程學系。
90. 工業技術研究院 (2014)。「金屬粉體材料在3D列印技術之發展與應用」，Available at : http://edm.itri.org.tw/enews/epaper/10311/e01.htm [November 30, 2014]
91. 中時電子報 (2014)。「3D列印眼眶骨 助車禍男修補眼球」，Available at : http://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20140916000877-260113 [September 16, 2014]
92. 中央通訊社 (2014)。「想學3D列印 工研院開課助創業」，Available at : http://www.cna.com.tw/news/afe/201410120079-1.aspx [October 12, 2014]
93. 戚玉樑 (2005) 。「以本體技術為基礎的知識庫建置程序及其應用」，資訊管理展，Vol. 5, No. 2, pp.1-18。
94. 周永杰、林妤珊、邱瑞科(2010)。「以本體為基之糖尿病領域知識檢索系統建立之研究」，2010產業資訊管理學術暨新興科技實務研討會。
95. 林子玄 (2012)。「以資料採礦技術分析LED產業專利訴訟與授權策略」 （指導教授：張瑞芬），碩士論文，國立台北科技大學，工業工程與管理系碩士班。
96. 葉錫誼 (2014)。「3D列印技術之發展現況與醫學上之應用」，當代醫藥法規月刊，2014年7月45期。
97. 陸韻翔 (2014)。「3D列印人體器官不再是夢想」，光連雙月刊，2014年9月113期。