怕被笑者通常無法分辨善意與惡意的笑聲。怕被笑者的注意力偏誤研究主要為臉孔表情與笑聲，然而情緒詞可包含更廣情緒類別之研究卻不多見。此外，注意力偏誤研究顯示社交焦慮者與一般人在首次開始凝視時間皆在「負向威脅詞」，但過去在這兩組的點偵測作業之反應時間及正確率的研究卻有不一致結果。因此，本研究運用眼動儀，探討怕被笑者與非怕被笑者對不同情緒詞的注意力偏誤，以更客觀方式記錄這兩組的注意力位置與時間。本研究分為兩個實驗，皆採用點偵測作業。實驗一探討「怕被笑者與非怕被笑者」對「笑」情緒詞之注意力偏誤，包括負向嘲笑詞、正向歡笑詞與中性詞。實驗二探討怕被笑者與非怕被笑者對「笑與非笑」的「負向詞」之注意力偏誤，包括負向嘲笑詞（笑）、負向鄙視詞（非笑）、正向愉悅詞與中性詞。綜合兩個實驗結果顯示，怕被笑者與非怕被笑者在首次開始凝視時間皆對「負向詞」有較快的注意力，此結果與過去研究一致。然而，本研究更進一步顯示，怕被笑者對「負向詞」在總凝視時間比率較久與總凝視次數較多，換言之，怕被笑者對負向詞的注意力難以轉移，但是非怕被笑者的注意力則由「負向詞」轉移至「中性詞」。此外，實驗一也顯示怕被笑者對正向及負向「笑」情緒詞皆難以轉移，包括負向嘲笑詞及正向歡笑詞皆有較久及較多的凝視。實驗二亦顯示，怕被笑者在「負向嘲笑詞」的注意力顯著大於「負向鄙視詞」。綜上所述，怕被笑者對笑字的情緒詞有較久及較多的注意力偏誤。未來在教育上的應用可針對怕被笑者進行善意與惡意「笑」的分辨訓練，以減輕其社交焦慮。未來研究亦可延伸結合眼動儀及fMRI，探討怕被笑者與非怕被笑者在「笑」與「非笑」情緒詞的注意力偏誤之大腦機制。

In recent years, increasing attention had been drawn to gelotophobes, who could not distinguish good-humored and bullying-ridicule teasing. Studies regarding attentional bias mainly focused on facial expression and laughter. However, few studies were about emotional words, containing more emotional categories. In addition, previous findings showed that start time of the first run of fixations of both groups with and without social phobia was on negative words, but inconsistent results were found in reaction time and accuracy of dot-probe task. Therefore, the present study aimed at investigating attentional bias of negative emotional words on gelotophobes and non-gelotophobes by eye-tracking for more objective records. The present study could be divided into two experiments and the dot-probe task was adopted. Experiment I explored how emotional words with “laughter” aroused gelotophobes’ and non-gelotophobes’ attentional bias in the condition of ridiculous, mirth and neutral emotional words. Experiment II explored how negative words with/without “laughter” aroused gelotophobes’ and non-gelotophobes’ attentional bias in the condition of ridiculous, despised, cheerful, and neutral emotional words. Together these results of two experiments revealed that the start time of the first run of fixations of both gelotophobes and non-gelotophobes was on negative words, which was consistent with previous studies. Further, gelotophobes had larger percentage of total viewing duration and more total fixation count on negative words. In other words, gelotophobes’ attention was hard to transfer from negative words to neutral words, while non-gelotophobes’ attention transferred from negative words to neutral words. Moreover, Experiment I demonstrated that gelotophobes was hard to transfer from positive and negative words with “laughter” to neutral words, including longer first gaze duration and more total fixation count. Experiment II indicated that gelotophobes’ attention on ridiculous words was significantly more despised words. These results concluded that gelotophobes had more and longer attentional bias on emotional words with “laughter”. The present study suggested that gelotophobes can lower their social anxiety by offering positive and negative laughter as training. Future studies could be conducted by fMRI along with eye-tracking to further investigate gelotophobes’ and non-gelotophobes’ brain mechanism of attentional bias on emotional words with/without “laughter”.

謝誌………………………………………………………………………………………...i
中文摘要………………………………………………………………………………….iii
英文摘要…………………………………………………………………………………..v
目錄…………………………………………….………………………….….……..…...vii
表次…………………………………………….……………………………….…...…....xi
圖次…………………………………………….……………………………….…….....xiii
緒論………………………………………………………………………………………..1
研究動機與目的………………………………………………………………………..1
文獻探討…………………………………………….……………………………….……7
怕被笑者的人格特質…………………………………………………………………..7
怕被笑者與社交焦慮者之關聯……………………………………………………......9
怕被笑者在笑聲、臉孔表情、嘲笑及鄙視情緒詞之研究………………………....10
怕被笑者之注意力偏誤…………………………………………………………..…..13
注意力偏誤之眼動研究…………….……………………………………………...…20
前導研究…………………………………………………………………………………25
實驗目的………………………………………………………………………………25
參與者…………………………………………………………………………………25
實驗材料………………………………………………………………………………26
實驗程序………………………………………………………………………………28
實驗結果………………………………………………………………………………29
實驗一 「怕被笑者與非怕被笑者」對「笑」情緒詞之注意力偏誤的眼動實驗…..33
實驗目的………………………………………………………………………………33
實驗假設………………………………………………………………………………34
實驗方法………………………………………………………………………………35
參與者………………………………………………………………………………35
研究工具……………………………………………………………………………35
實驗材料……………………………………………………………………………36
實驗設計………………………………………………………...………………….39
實驗程序……………………………………………………………………………39
實驗設備……………………………………………………………………………42
實驗一 實驗結果..……………………………………………………………………43
眼動資料分析………………………………………………………………………43
點偵測位置評定……………………………………………………………………55
實驗一 小結……..…………………………………………………………………62
實驗二 「怕被笑者與非怕被笑者」對負向詞之「笑」與「非笑」負向偏誤的眼
動實驗…………..…………………………...……….…………………………65
實驗目的………………………………………………………………………………65
實驗假設………………………………………………………………………………65
實驗方法………………………………………………………………………………67
參與者………………………………………………………………………………67
研究工具……………………………………………………………………………67
實驗材料……………………………………………………………………………67
實驗設計………………………………………………………...………………….70
實驗程序……………………………………………………………………………70
實驗設備……………………………………………………………………………70
實驗二 實驗結果..……………………………………………………………………71
眼動資料分析………………………………………………………………………71
點偵測位置評定……………………………………………………………………83
實驗二 小結…………………..……………………………………………………94
結論與綜合討論…………………………………………………………………..……..97
怕被笑者與非怕被笑者會首先注視「負向」的情緒詞……………………………97
怕被笑者在「笑」情緒詞之注意力難以轉移，非怕被笑者在「笑」情緒詞之
注意力轉移………………………………………………………………………..…..98
怕被笑者對於正向「笑」情緒詞有注意力偏誤……………………………………99
怕被笑者於「負向嘲笑詞」的負向偏誤大於「負向鄙視詞」…………………..100
怕被笑者與非怕被笑者對於「正向愉悅詞」注意力偏誤無差異………………..101
怕被笑者在一致（難以轉移）的情形反應時間較短……………………………..101
怕被笑者與非怕被笑者在一致與不一致的情形正確率無差異…………………..102
研究貢獻、限制與建議……………………………………………………………..…105
研究貢獻…………………………………………………………………………..105
研究限制…………………………………………………………………………..108
未來研究建議……………………………………………………………………..110
參考文獻…………………………………………….……………………………….....115
中文文獻……………………………………………………………………………..115
西文文獻……………………………………………………………………………..115
附錄……………………………………………………………………………………..125
附錄一 實驗一與實驗二凝視點熱圖與眼動軌跡圖………………………...…….125
附錄二 嘲笑風格量表………………………………………………………………137
附錄三 中文字詞判斷作業問卷……………………………………………………139
附錄四、知情同意書……………………………………………………………..…149

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