過去的研究中發現在我們形成鉛金合金時在合金M ̅上方能量-2 eV的地方會出現一個拋物線的能帶，但這能帶只出現在Γ ̅0-K ̅-M ̅方向，Γ ̅1-K ̅-M ̅上面卻沒看到這個能帶，配合鉛金合金的理論計算也無出現這個能帶所以我們認為這個能帶並非鉛金合金的能帶。
藉由參考paper與理論計算我們認為這是鉛(111)的表面態，於是設計了一系列的實驗想辦法得到只有鉛的表面態而沒有鉛金合金的電子結構，並配合ARPES(Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscope,ARPES)與低能量電子繞射儀（Low Energy Electron Diffraction, LEED）觀察分析我們的表面態。
在這篇論文中我們也提出了溫度對於鉛金合金及表面態的消長影響。在形成表面態過程中，表面態在ARPES上的消長以及低能量電子繞射（Low Energy Electron Diffraction, LEED）圖形的繞射亮點強度變化，提供了表面態與合金間的差別與如何控制這兩個電子組態的方法。

Preceding photoemission study on PbAu alloy reveals an anonymous parabolic energy band dispersing about the surface zone boundary M of Pb(111) at −2.1 eV. However, this band could not be observed in the direction 1  K  M perpendicular to


the mirror plane of photoemission measurement. This anonymous energy band could not be reproduced by the theoretical calculation of PbAu alloy, either. Therefore, we think this energy band should be related to a different phase than PbAu alloy.
According to the previous theoretical study of Pb(111) surface electronic structures, we speculate that this special energy band is derived from the Pb(111) surface state induced by the adsorption of Au on the top. Therefore, in my research I design a series of systematic ways to prove this by comparing the intensities of photoemission spectra between the electronic structures of PbAu alloy phase and this special energy band at the low temperature 150 K and room temperature, respectively,

in light of the fact that alloy phase in temperature dependent. Low energy electron diffraction was also used to specify the lattice structures of these two phases. We also deposited Bi on Pb films as a good comparison to the case of Au on Pb films.

目錄
第一章 1
1.1引論 1
1.2動機 2
第二章 4
基礎理論 4
2.1 二維系統 4
2.2倒晶格 4
2.3 表面 8
2.4 表面態 9
2.4.1 表面態形成 11
第三章 14
實驗儀器及原理 14
3.1 超高真空(Ultra High Vacuum, UHV) 14
3.2 低能量電子繞射儀(Low Energy Electron Diffraction) 15
3.2.1 低能量電子繞射 15
3.2.2 2維布拉格繞射 16
3.2.3 愛華德球 18
3.3 角解析光電子能譜儀(ARPES) 20
3.3.1 光電效應 20
3.3.3 能量分析儀 21
第四章 25
樣品製備 25
4.1 乾淨Ge(111)製備 25
4.1.1 震洗 25
4.1.2 濺射和退火 25
4.1.3表面乾淨程度確認 26
4.2 潤濕層製備 26
4.3 鉛薄膜成長 26
第五章 30
實驗分析 30
5.1 鉛表面態與鉛金合金背景 30
5.2 經由金吸附在鉛薄膜形成表面態的過程 33
5.3 表面態分析 37
5.3.1表面態與合金的關係 37
5.3.2表面態形成原因 44
5.3.3改變蒸鍍金屬對表面態影響 46
5.3.4理論計算 51
第六章 56
結論 56
參考文獻 57

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