台灣的淡水魚類是具有高度多樣性的生物類群，但河川整治與開發導致棲地消失，濫用農藥、外來種入侵、氣候變遷等造成族群減少，在69種純淡水魚類當中，已有3種滅絕於台灣島上，並有18種處於瀕危狀態。確認滅絕狀態是評估多樣性損失的基礎，本研究確認台灣特有種銳頭銀魚(Salanx acuticeps Regan, 1908)最後採集時間為1960年，建議其物種狀態為滅絕，並根據歷史資料推論銳頭銀魚應是受到棲地環境改變與外來種入侵而消失。

政府對於保育行動的支持與執行有限，進行保育行動時並無制定長期而全面的計畫，反觀近年各地民間團體開始投入淡水魚類的棲地與族群數量調查，對於野外環境的監測提供了大量資訊，並有民間單位進行淡水魚類保種，成為淡水魚保育的新主力。本研究以採訪方式整合專家學者、保育團體與保種機構的意見，總結出台灣特有種台灣白魚(Aphyocypris moltrechti Regan, 1908）族群、棲地、保育與保種工作的過去與現況。台灣白魚過去10年的族群遞減比例為87.4%，目前總族群數量僅剩約3000尾，根據本研究評估結果，建議列為極度瀕危物種，未來瀕危原因若沒有終止，很可能成為下一個滅絕的台灣淡水魚類。

溪流細鯽(Aphyocypris amnis Liao et al., 2011)是基於保育動機從台灣白魚濁水溪族群獨立出來的新種純淡水魚類，目前仍有分類爭議。本研究陳列對於溪流細鯽有效性的正反論述，並記錄溪流細鯽的族群與棲地動態。由於人為捕撈，加上棲地萎縮速度極快，溪流細鯽從2006年至今已消失約95%的族群，顯示獨立為新種對於保育工作並未有顯著的效果。但基於保育立場，無論溪流細鯽的分類地位為何，都應採取立即的保育行動。

Freshwater fish in Taiwan has high biodiversity, however, has been imperiled due to hydraulic engineering, development of water source, pollution, and abuse of pesticide and introduced species and global climate change. Three taxa have been presumed extinct and 18 are endangered among 69 native freshwater fish in Taiwan. We confirm 1960 is the last recorded year of observation of the endemic species, Salanx acuticeps Regan, 1908, and suggest the conservation status to be extinct accordingly.

Long-term conservation strategy is seldom implemented by the government due to limited resource and attention, while many conservation societies dedicate to monitor population and investigate habitat of freshwater fish. The work of this paper concludes the past and current situation of Aphyocypris moltrechti Regan, 1908 including its population, habitat, and conservation actions. The population of A. moltrechti has declined 87% since the past 10 years and now the population size is estimated to be 3,000. According to evaluation by IUCN Red List Categories, we suggest that the conservation status of A. moltrechti be regarded as Critically Endangered (CR), which might be the next extinct freshwater fish in Taiwan if the factors cause population decline will not be ceased.

Aphyocypris amnis Liao et al., 2011 is described as a new species from the Choshui population of A. moltrechti based on the motivation of conservation, while its validity is challenged in some aspects. We report the pros and cons about the taxonomy of A. amnis from experts. Due to overfishing and fragmentation of habitat, the population of A. amnis has shrunk by 95% since 2006, which shows no significant benefit to describe an endangered population as a new species. In the aspect of conservation, we suggest that A. amnis be protected whether its taxonomy is a species or a population, and taking action to conserve it is essential immediately.

第一章、緒論
1.1 研究動機..………………………………………………………………………1
1.2 研究目的..………………………………………………………………………1
1.3 研究方法
1.3.1文獻來源 ..…………………………………………………………………1
1.3.2採訪 ..…………………………………………………………………2
1.3.3實際調查....…………………………………………………………………3

第二章、文獻回顧
2.1淡水魚的分類..…………………………………………………………………4
2.2全球淡水魚類的分布情況..……………………………………………………5
2.3台灣原生純淡水魚類的分布情況..……………………………………………5
2.4台灣淡水魚類研究歷史
2.4.1清領時期（1868-1894）..…………………………………………………15
2.4.2日據時代（1894-1946）..…………………………………………………15
2.4.3光復初期（1947-1985）..…………………………………………………16
2.4.4近代（1986-2014）..………………………………………………………16
2.4.5出版文獻 .…………………………………………………………………18

第三章、只存在於標本瓶與圖鑑裡的銳頭銀魚
3.1何謂滅絕..………………………………………………………………………19
3.2如何判定滅絕物種..……………………………………………………………19
3.3滅絕的淡水魚類探討－以銳頭銀魚為例
3.3.1 銀魚簡介...…………………………………………………………………20
3.3.2 銳頭銀魚的標本記錄...……………………………………………………21
3.3.3 銳頭銀魚可能的滅絕原因...………………………………………………23
3.4台灣記錄過滅絕的純淡水魚...…………………………………………………24
3.4.1大鱗梅氏鯿....………………………………………………………………24
3.4.2小林氏棘鰍....………………………………………………………………24
第四章、在滅絕邊緣的台灣白魚
4.1台灣淡水魚的生存壓力...………………………………………………………26

4.2瀕危的淡水魚類探討－以台灣白魚為例
4.2.1台灣白魚簡介..………………………………………………………………29
4.2.2分類與型態
4.2.2.1親緣關係...………………………………………………………………30
4.2.2.2外部型態...………………………………………………………………30
4.2.2.3鑑別特徵...………………………………………………………………30
4.2.2.4族群結構...………………………………………………………………31
4.2.3行為與繁殖......………………………………………………………………32
4.2.4棲息環境與水質..……………………………………………………………32
4.2.5族群與棲地現況
4.2.5.1食水嵙族群...……………………………………………………………33
4.2.5.2埔里族群...………………………………………………………………34
4.2.5.3魚池族群...………………………………………………………………35
4.2.6瀕危原因
4.2.6.1食水嵙族群...……………………………………………………………36
4.2.6.2埔里族群...………………………………………………………………36
4.2.6.3魚池族群...………………………………………………………………37
4.2.7瀕危評估..……………………………………………………………………38
4.2.8保育建議.. ...…………………………………………………………………39
4.2.9保育行動
4.2.9.1 封溪護魚….……………………………………………………………40
4.2.9.2 放流復育….……………………………………………………………41
4.2.10保種行動.. …………………………………………………………………42

第五章、介於族群與種之間的溪流細鯽
5.1溪流細鯽簡介……………………………………………………………………44
5.2溪流細鯽鑑別特徵………………………………………………………………45
5.3溪流細鯽鑑定過程………………………………………………………………46
5.4溪流細鯽有效性的正反論述……………………………………………………46
5.5溪流細鯽的棲地族群數量的變遷
5.5.1棲地環境.……………………………………………………………………48
5.5.2族群數量變遷.………………………………………………………………49
5.6溪流細鯽保育行動………………………………………………………………49
第六章、討論
6.1全球淡水魚類的滅絕速率. ……………………………………………………50
6.2物種滅絕的意義…………………………………………………………………50
6.3族群監測的重要性………………………………………………………………51
6.4分類地位對於保育的影響………………………………………………………51

第七章、結論.………………………………………………………………………52

第八章、參考文獻..…………………………………………………………………53

附錄
附錄一、銳頭銀魚標本頭部側照，金門標本照片…………………………………61
附錄二、其他應已滅絕的台灣淡水魚………………………………………………62
附錄三、其他瀕危的台灣淡水魚類…………………………………………………62
附錄四、細鯽屬名錄與分布統整表 ………………………………………………63
附錄五、台灣淡水魚保種單位環境照片……………………………………………64

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