隨著全球氣候變遷對地球環境之衝擊愈發劇烈，各地的氣候災害頻仍，而海平面上升、全球漸增溫、冰山消融等氣候變邊所導致的地球環境變化亦在人們眼下持續發生。這些突發的或累積發生的變遷，對於全人類皆造成生命與財產的巨大威脅。當前人類社會對於氣候變遷的理解係依靠過去三十年來所累積的氣候科學，而全人類現正經歷的極端天氣事件與氣候災害實為氣候變遷衝擊的最佳證據。
氣候變遷對自然資源與人類社會都有所影響，其中又以在地理上離氣候災害最近、資源卻相對最少的特別脆弱的國家族群，遭受了最嚴重的衝擊。此類衝擊導致的傷害被稱為氣候變遷負面影響所造成的損失與損害，其肇因為極端天氣事件（extreme weather event），又可分為遽發事件（rapid onset event）與緩發事件（slow onset event），而就氣候變遷的負面影響造成的損失與損害，又可分為經濟性或非經濟性損失與損害。
對於氣候變遷損失與損害的因應，國際間自20世紀末以來所採取之氣候行動減緩（mitigation）與調適（adaptation）已不及處理，然而，2007年的「史登報告」提出損失與損害是氣候變遷總成本中的剩餘成本（residual cost），其為人類所不能避免的氣候傷害，故而聯合國氣候變化綱要公約締約國大會（UNFCCC COP）於2013年的COP19通過「華沙國際機制（Warsaw International Mechanism）」，嘗試處理損失與損害的議題。
華沙國際機制的發展核心為「風險」，其以風險評估、風險管理與風險移轉作為基礎，希望透過知識整合、利害關係人合作、因應資金、技術支援與能力建構等，協助開發中國家因應氣候變遷損失與損害。然而，華沙國際機制的目的既為處理氣候變遷所造成的損失與損害，其根本議題為氣候變遷的環境賠償，所涉法理「責任」與「補償」卻未被明文納入UNFCCC相關文件。
本文為探究華沙國際機制未能將法理明文化的原因，便以該機制於UNFCCC之下的發展為研究主軸。在研究方法上，首先探討氣候變遷損失與損害於法律與政策上的定義與因應，從法律實然面彙整國際間針對損失與損害的政策工具，接著選定聯合國的華沙國際機制作為研究對象，以該機制的目的檢驗其實然規範，最後，本文認為若要確實地消去氣候變遷損失與損害造成的不正義，應在華沙國際機制的法理基礎落實責任與補償，以落實氣候正義。

Climate change has caused more and more serious impacts to the Earth’s environment, such as sea level rising, global surface average temperature heating up, and glacier wastage. In recent times, extreme whether events and disasters have posed a great threat to our existence. These adverse effects of climate change have resulted in loss of life, property, infrastructure, and livelihoods, and have severely disrupted the normal functioning of affected societies.
Both natural resources and human communities have been affected by climate change; however, there is a specific group of people who have suffered the worst. People who live geographically on or near the hazard lines of climate change impacts, at the same time, who withholds little resources to tackle with climate change, are the most vulnerable groups under climate change. In the international climate regime, this kind of harm is called “loss and damage associated with climate change impacts”.
Due to inadequate mitigation and adaptation efforts, climate change loss and damage is now a reality. Stern Report in 2007 has addressed that loss and damage is the residual cost of the total cost of climate change, which is unavoidable by the human society. Thus, the Conference of Parties of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (namely UNFCCC) has adopted “the Warsaw International Mechanism” to deal with the issue of loss and damage.
The core value of current Warsaw International Mechanism is the risk of climate change. The context has established some approaches of risk assessment, risk management, and risk transfer to assist the developing countries tackling with loss and damage. The problem is, the legal basis of loss and damage, which shall be implied as “liability” and “compensation” for those who bears the harm which is indirectly caused by human induced climate change, is still absent in the official document and texts of UNFCCC.
This thesis contributes to the study of Warsaw International Mechanism lex lata (law as it is) and the arguments based on lex ferenda (law as it ought to be). Methodologically, this thesis has firstly explored the international instruments dealing with climate change loss and damage. Then focus on the analysis of Warsaw International Mechanism by legal discussion. In conclusion, this thesis tends to incorporate the legal basis of “liability” and “compensation" under the context of Warsaw International Mechanism and UNFCCC.

目錄 i
圖表目錄 iii
序言 iv
謝辭 v
摘要 vi
Abstract vii
第壹章、緒論 1
第一節、 問題意識 1
第二節、 研究目的 2
第三節、 文獻探討 4
第四節、 研究方法 7
第五節、 研究範圍與限制 9
第六節、 本文架構 10
第貳章、氣候變遷損失與損害的意義與因應 12
第一節、 氣候變遷衝擊的現象 14
第一項、 氣候變遷對自然資源的衝擊 14
第二項、 氣候變遷對人類社會的衝擊 15
第二節、 氣候變遷負面影響所造成損失與損害之意義 19
第一項、 氣候變遷的負面影響：極端天氣事件 20
（一） 遽發事件的類型、衝擊與影響 20
（二） 緩發事件的類型、衝擊與影響 21
第二項、 氣候變遷造成之損失與損害：經濟性與非經濟性 22
第三節、 氣候變遷損失與損害的因應機制與其挑戰 24
第一項、 政府制訂與執行規範：國際公約、國內政策與管制 24
第二項、 公私部門與市場工具：氣候災害保險 27
第三項、 受損害之人的司法救濟工具：氣候訴訟 28
第四項、 小結：探討聯合國因應氣候變遷損失與損害的華沙國際機制 30
第參章、聯合國氣候變遷損失與損害機制之發展 31
第一節、 華沙國際機制的創生與發展 31
第一項、 COP13之前：氣候變遷損失與損害的倡議 31
第二項、 COP16~COP18：氣候變遷損失與損害工作方案 32
第三項、 COP19：創設華沙國際機制 33
第四項、 COP21巴黎協定：責任與賠償未能納入文件 34
第二節、 華沙國際機制執行委員會之發展 35
第一項、 初始會議：第一期兩年工作計畫 35
第二項、 執行委員會會議 36
第三節、 華沙國際機制實然法與應然法之違和 37
第肆章、如何建構華沙國際機制的責任機制 39
第一節、 現行國際環境法原則之詮釋與適用 40
第一項、 預防原則（precautionary principle） 40
第二項、 避免損害原則（no harm rules） 40
第二節、 現行國際法原則與法理之詮釋與適用 41
第一項、 國家責任原則之詮釋與適用 41
第二項、 氣候正義之詮釋與適用 46
第三節、 小結：在華沙機制實現氣候正義的內涵 50
第伍章、結論：持續演化中的氣候變遷責任機制 52
第一節、 在UNFCCC建構氣候變遷損失與損害責任機制 53
第二節、 華沙國際機制未來之發展與挑戰 53
第三節、 台灣可重視的重點 54
參考文獻 55

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