本論文提出了一個具有感測振盪器和參考振盪器的差別感測架構。這兩個振盪器分別置放在兩個相同的鎖相迴路裡，並藉由LC 振盪頻率的變化來判斷感測的程度，其中感測振盪器的頻率變化正比於在感測器表面存在的磁性粒子總量。同時，感測振盪器的頻率變化導致了電流泵的輸出電壓變化並跟參考振盪器作比較。它們的電壓差當作三角積分類比數位轉換器的輸入，也就是說我們可以直接透過三角積分類比數位轉換器的輸出位元流來得知磁性粒子的數量。另外，具有差別感測架構的鎖相迴路是由另一個鎖相迴路來提供參考頻率，這是因為可調的頻率範圍很小的關係。此外，在本論文中所採用的“三明治”法需要在感測器表面覆蓋一層薄膜來固定磁性粒子和生物目標分子於其上。另一方面，在本篇論文中採用除2/除3 的除頻器架構和三角積分調變器來完成的分數型鎖相迴路來達成寬頻合成範圍。但很不幸地是，在分數型鎖相迴路輸出訊號的突波是不可避免的。傳統的設計只能跟其他方面的表現做取捨，在本論文中則是利用抖動的方式來消除輸出頻譜產生的突波。在三角積分調變器方面，為了避免電路的不穩定，採用多級雜訊整形架構。本文中的生物感測架構使用TSMC 0.18μm1P6M CMOS process 來完成晶片，並供應1.8V 的電壓。總的來說，此具有磁性生醫感測器架構的鎖相迴路可以達到高敏感度與高可攜度，而且不需要再另外產生偏壓磁場。

This thesis presents a differential sensing scheme used by paring a sensing oscillator with a reference oscillator. The oscillators are placed respectively in two identical phase-locked loops with ultrasensitive frequency-shift magnetic
biosensing scheme based on on-chip LC resonance. The frequency-shift of the sensing oscillator is proportional to the amount of magnetic particles present in the active volume of a sensor's surface. Moreover, the frequency-shift from the sensing oscillator results in the variation of charge pump output voltage that is compared to the reference one. Their voltage difference is taken as the input
of the sigma-delta ADC whcih means we could derive the quantity of magnetic particles straightly through the output bitstream of the sigma-delta ADC. Furthermore, the reference frequency
of the PLL with a differential sensing scheme is provided by another PLL due to the tuning range is small. Additionally, the “sandwich”method adopted in this thesis requires a specific coating of the sensor's surface to immobilize magnetic beads and biological targets on top of the sensor. On the other hand, the PLL in this thesis has 2/3 cell
divider architecture and sigma-delta modulator to attain a wide bandwidth. Unfortunately, spurious tones are inevitable in the output signals of PLL. Instead of conventional designs which can be attenuated only with design tradeoffs that degrade other aspects of performance, the dithering technique is employed to the sigma-delta modulator to lower the spurious tone in the PLL output signals. In sigma-delta modulator, the Multi stAge noise SHaping (MASH) architecture is introduced to avoid the circuit unstable. The proposed biosensing scheme is implemented under TSMC 0.18μm 1P6M CMOS process supplying 1.8V voltage. Overall, the magnetic sensing scheme on PLL achieves high sensitivity and portability without any externally generated magnetic biasing fields.

中文摘要. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV
List of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI
List of Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX
List of Figure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X
Chapter 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Thesis outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Chapter 2 Magnetic biosensor concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1 SAM (Self-Assembled Monolayer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 DNA immobilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 Sandwich assays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Chapter 3 Phase locked loop function blocks design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.1 PLL overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2 PFD (Phase-Frequency Detector) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3 CP (Charge Pump) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.4 LF (Loop Filter) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.5 VCO (Voltage-Controlled Oscillator) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.6 Frequency dividers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.7 Fractional-N synthesizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.8 Dithering modulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.9 PLL analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Chapter 4 Proposed magnetic biosensing scheme on PLL . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.1 Magnetic biosensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.2 Voltage-controlled oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.3 Fractional-N dividers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.4 Tri-state phase frequency detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.5 Charge pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Chapter 5 Simulation Results and Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.1 Simulation results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.1.1 PFD (Phase-Frequency Detector) . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.1.2 CP (Charge Pump) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.1.3 Divider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5.1.4 VCO (Voltage-controlled oscillator) . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Chapter 6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

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