本文使用質點影像測速法，量測了三種肋條配置下的渦輪機蛇形冷卻通道的等溫流場，包括平均速度，紊流動能，雷諾應力等。實驗模型由兩個有機玻璃製成的平行四邊形通道與一個180度銳轉組成。通道截面由邊長為45.5毫米的等邊平行四邊形構成，銳角為45度。本文探討了三種肋條配置，包括無肋條，90度接觸式肋條和90度非接觸肋條，其中後兩者的結果是公開文獻中首次發表的。肋條高與通道高以及肋條高與肋條間距之比都固定為0.1。在非接觸肋條配置中，肋條與壁面間距比肋條高為0.38。三個實驗的雷諾數都固定為10000，雷諾數的計算是基於水力直徑和平均速度。在本研究中，光滑壁面的平行四邊形雙通道作被為基準實驗。實驗發現，光滑壁面的平行四邊形雙通道的三維流場主要特徵為：第一通道入口效應導致的雙峰入口和高紊流動能；第二通道中由斜邊效應和轉彎效應導致的雙峰主流和高紊流動能；轉彎區引起的Dean-vortex和分離氣泡。90度未接觸肋條工況下的結果主要包括：相對正方形通道較短的再接觸點；轉彎區中心平面上的分離氣泡消失而在近上壁面平面上產生；轉彎區紊流流場高度不等向；上述三個結果對將來的CFD模擬具有很大的參考意義；近壁面區域的紊流動能，脈動強度以及平均速度均對壁面熱傳分佈有貢獻。類似與接觸式肋條的結果，在非接觸肋條的工況下，肋條後區域也發現了較短的尾流區域，轉彎區中心平面的分離氣泡再度產生，但沒有延展到第二通道；最後，本研究闡述了非接觸肋條配置下的平行四邊形冷卻通道在轉彎區與方形冷卻通道的異同，並嘗試給出了解釋。

Measurements are presented of the streamwise and spanwise mean velocity and turbulence intensity components as well as Reynolds stresses and turbulence kinetic energy by using Particle Image velocimetry (PIV) for the isothermal flow field in three simulative turbine blade serpentine coolant passages. The transparent plexiglass test section consists of two pass parallelogram duct connected by a 180 sharp turn. The channels have the cross-sectional equal length, 45.5 mm, of adjacent sides and two pairs of opposite angles are 45-deg and 135-deg. Three kinds of in-line rib array arrangements, i.e. smooth-wall, 90-deg attached ribs and 90-deg detached ribs, are studied. Among them, the latter two cases are new studies in the open literature. The rib height to channel height ratio and the pitch to rib height ratio are respectively 0.1 and 10. Two rib-detached distance to rib height ratios, C/H=0 and C/H=0.38, are selected to study C/H effect on the flow structure. All the measurements were performed at a fixed Reynolds number, characterized by channel hydraulic diameter of 32.17 mm and cross-sectional bulk mean velocity of 10000. The smooth-wall channel is first chosen as the base line case to study the typical flow characteristics of a two pass parallelogram channel. It is found that the three dimensional flows are characterized by the inlet configuration induced streamwise double peak mean velocity profile and high turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) in the first pass, secondary-flow vortices generated by sidewall slant effect in the first and second pass, turn induced high TKE, curvature generated Dean vortices inside the turn, and turning geometry induced separation bubble immediately downstream of the turn. Results of the 90-deg attached rib case show shorter reattachment lengths compared to the corresponding square ducts. The aforementioned separation bubble is lacking in the symmetrical plane but only found at the tip of the divider wall near the top wall. These results together with the prevalence of highly anisotropic turbulence in the turn region provide useful reference for selecting turbulence model of CFD simulation. Moreover, the distribution of near-wall mean velocity components, turbulence intensity components, and TKE are found to be able to illustrate the reported heat transfer distribution. Similar to the attached rib case, the rib-wake lengths of detached rib case are found to be shorter than those of square ducts. In contrast to the attached rib case, the separation bubble on the Y*=0 plane in turn region of the detached rib case appears again but does not extend to the second pass. Finally, a comparison between the near-wall mean velocity components and TKE in the present parallelogram and previous square channel with 180-deg sharp turn and inline detach rib array has been attempted and the differences are addressed.

CONTENTS
ABSTRACT i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
CONTENTS iv
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1-1 Opening Remarks 1
1-2 Literature Survey 2
1-2-1 Heat Transfer in Cooling Channels 3
1-2-2 Flow Field in Cooling Channels 14
1-3 Objectives 19
CHAPTER 2 EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND CONDITIONS 28
2-1 Particle Image Velocimetry 28
2-2 PIV System Components 29
2-2-1 Illumination System 29
2-2-2 Image Collecting System 30
2-2-3 Seeding Generator and Tracking Particle 30
2-2-4 Image Processing 36
2-3 Data Uncertainty 36
2-4 Experimental Conditions 37
CHAPTER 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 43
3-1 Flow Field in Two-Pass Parallelogram Channel with Smooth Wall 43
3-1-1 Validation of Experimental Technique 43
3-1-2 Flow Characteristics in the Upstream Leg 43
3-1-3 Flow Patterns In and Around Bend Region 45
3-1-4 Flow in Downstream Leg 48
3-2 Flow Field in Parallelogram-Section Two-Pass Channel with 90-Deg Attached Ribs 50
3-2-1 Flow Characteristics in Upstream Leg 50
3-2-2 Main Flow Features in Downstream Leg 53
3-2-3 Main Flow Structures in and around Bend Region 54
3-2-4 Secondary Flow Features in and around Bend Region 56
3-2-5 Correlation between Endwall Heat Transfer and Near-Wall Fluid Flows 58
3-3 Flow Field in Parallelogram Two-Pass Channel with 90-Deg Detached Ribs 60
3-3-1 Flow Characteristics in Upstream Leg 60
3-3-2 Main Flow Features in and around Bend Region 63
3-2-2 Secondary Flow Features in and around Bend Region 64
3-2-3 Main Flow Features in Downstream Leg 66
3-2-4 Flow Comparison between Parallelogram and Square Channel in Turn Region 67
CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKS 152
4-3 Conclusions 152
4-3-1 Parallelogram Channel with Smooth-Wall 152
4-3-2 Parallelogram Channel with 90-deg Attached Ribs 153
4-3-3 Parallelogram Channel with 90-deg Detached Ribs 155
4-4 Contributions 156
4-5 Future works 157
Reference 162

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