天文瞬變源即呈現快速增亮現象的天體。儘管對亮度變化及持續時間沒有標準的定義，基線振幅通常被設置為靜態水平的數倍，而持續時間也可由短於數秒到長於數週或甚至更長。這些現象對發現光度較暗的物體，就像是吸積率低的白矮星，靜態黑洞和遙遠的非活動星系核，尤其重要。 在本論文，我們將報告四個天文瞬變源MAXI J1058-744，SN 2013df，SN 1986L，和PSR J1023 + 0038的X射線研究。我們主要利用雨燕衛星上的X射線望遠鏡的觀測資料去完成這研究工作。

Astronomical transients are all kinds of celestial objects that show rapid brightening in any forms of electromagnetic wave. Although there are no standard criterion on flux variation or outburst duration to define a transient, the baseline amplitude is often set to at least an order of magnitude brighter than the quiescent flux level on timescales of seconds, weeks, or even longer, making these phenomena extremely important to discover and investigate faint objects, like slowly-accreting white dwarfs, quiescent X-ray binaries and distant inactive galactic nuclei, of which most are hard to be detected outside the active phase. In particular, transients with luminosities higher than the super-Eddington limits of 10-100 M_sun are good candidates of intermediate mass black holes (IMBHs), of which the mysterious mechanism of formation is still under debate. In addition to the ancient compact objects, core collapse supernovae, the deadly transients of massive stars, are another valuable transient class, which is important for the studies of the stellar evolution and how the compact objects form from the ordinary stars. In this thesis, we present X-ray studies of four transient sources MAXI J1058-744, SN 2013df, SN 1986L, and PSR J1023+0038, mainly using the public archive of the X-ray Telescope (XRT) on board the Swift satellite. This work provides better understandings to various classes of transient, which is useful for the X-ray transient identifications in the future.

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 MAXI J0158-744: A Supersoft Source in the Wing of the Small Magellanic Cloud 18
Chapter 3 The Type IIb Supernova 2013df 46
Chapter 4 An Ultraluminous X-ray source associated with SN 1986L 64
Chapter 5 The missing link millisecond pulsar PSR J1023+0038 72
Chapter 6 Conclusions and Future Works 89

Ahn, C. P., Alexandroff, R., Allende Prieto, C., et al. 2012, ApJS, 203, 21
Aldering, G., Humphreys, R. M., & Richmond, M. 1994, AJ, 107, 662
Alexander, D. M., Stern, D., Del Moro, A., et al. 2013, ApJ, 773, 125
Alpar, M. A., Cheng, A. F., Ruderman, M. A., & Shaham, J. 1982, Nature, 300, 728
Anders, E., & Ebihara, M. 1982, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 46, 2363
Archibald, A. M., Kaspi, V. M., Bogdanov, S., et al. 2010, ApJ, 722, 88
Archibald, A. M., Kaspi, V. M., Hessels, J. W. T., et al. 2013, ArXiv e-prints
Archibald, A. M., Stairs, I. H., Ransom, S. M., et al. 2009, Science, 324, 1411
Arnaud, K. A. 1996, in Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Vol. 101, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems V, ed. G. H. Jacoby & J. Barnes, 17
Barbon, R., Buond ́ı, V., Cappellaro, E., & Turatto, M. 1999, A&AS, 139, 531
Bjornsson, C.-I., & Fransson, C. 2004, ApJ, 605, 823
Bode, M. F., & Evans, A. 2008, Classical Novae
Bogdanov, S., Archibald, A. M., Hessels, J. W. T., et al. 2011, ApJ, 742, 97
Bogdanov, S., Patruno, A., Archibald, A. M., et al. 2014, ApJ, 789, 40
Bufano, F., Immler, S., Turatto, M., et al. 2009, ApJ, 700, 1456
Burrows, D. N., Hill, J. E., Nousek, J. A., et al. 2005, Space Sci. Rev., 120, 165
Campana, S., Mangano, V., Blustin, A. J., et al. 2006, Nature, 442, 1008
Cardelli, J. A., Clayton, G. C., & Mathis, J. S. 1989, ApJ, 345, 245
Castelli, F., Gratton, R. G., & Kurucz, R. L. 1997, A&A, 318, 841
Charles, P. A., & Coe, M. J. 2006, Optical, ultraviolet and infrared observations of X-ray binaries, ed. W. H. G. Lewin & M. van der Klis, 215–265
Chevalier, R. A. 1982, ApJ, 259, 302
Chevalier, R. A., & Fransson, C. 1994, ApJ, 420, 268
—. 2006, ApJ, 651, 381
Chodil, G., Mark, H., Rodrigues, R., & Swift, C. D. 1968, ApJ, 152, L45
Churazov, E., Sunyaev, R., Isern, J., et al. 2014, Nature, 512, 406
Coe, M. J., Edge, W. R. T., Galache, J. L., & McBride, V. A. 2005, MNRAS, 356, 502
de Martino, D., Belloni, T., Falanga, M., et al. 2013, A&A, 550, A89
Di Stefano, R., & Kong, A. K. H. 2003, ApJ, 592, 884
—. 2004, ApJ, 609, 710
Di Stefano, R., Primini, F. A., Liu, J., Kong, A., & Patel, B. 2010, Astronomische Nachrichten, 331, 205
Di Stefano, R., Kong, A. K. H., Greiner, J., et al. 2004, ApJ, 610, 247
Dickey, J. M., & Lockman, F. J. 1990, ARA&A, 28, 215
Dolphin, A. E. 2000, PASP, 112, 1383
Fabian, A. C., & Terlevich, R. 1996, MNRAS, 280, L5
Filippova, E. V., Revnivtsev, M. G., & Lutovinov, A. A. 2008, Astronomy Letters, 34, 797
Flower, P. J. 1996, ApJ, 469, 355
Fransson, C. 1982, A&A, 111, 140
—. 1984, A&A, 133, 264
Fransson, C., Lundqvist, P., & Chevalier, R. A. 1996, ApJ, 461, 993
Freedman, W. L., Madore, B. F., Gibson, B. K., et al. 2001, ApJ, 553, 47
Fryer, C. L., & Kalogera, V. 2001, ApJ, 554, 548
Gezari, S., Dessart, L., Basa, S., et al. 2008, ApJ, 683, L131
Gezari, S., Rest, A., Huber, M. E., et al. 2010, ApJ, 720, L77
Ghisellini, G., Ghirlanda, G., & Tavecchio, F. 2007, MNRAS, 382, L77
Giacconi, R., Gursky, H., Paolini, F. R., & Rossi, B. B. 1962, Physical Review Letters, 9, 439
Goad, M. R., Tyler, L. G., Beardmore, A. P., et al. 2007, A&A, 476, 1401
Greiner, J. 1996, in Lecture Notes in Physics, Berlin Springer Verlag, Vol. 472, Super-soft X-Ray Sources, ed. J. Greiner, 299
Greiner, J. 2000, New Astronomy, 5, 137
Guver, T., & Ozel, F. 2009, MNRAS, 400, 2050
Hachisu, I., & Kato, M. 2006, ApJS, 167, 59
Hachisu, I., Kato, M., & Nomoto, K. 1996, ApJ, 470, L97
Hachisu, I., Kato, M., Saio, H., & Nomoto, K. 2012, ApJ, 744, 69
Halpern, J. P., Gaidos, E., Sheffield, A., Price-Whelan, A. M., & Bogdanov, S. 2013, The Astronomer’s Telegram, 5514, 1
Hambly, N. C., Irwin, M. J., & MacGillivray, H. T. 2001, MNRAS, 326, 1295
Harrison, F. A., Craig, W. W., Christensen, F. E., et al. 2013, ApJ, 770, 103
Heger, A., Fryer, C. L., Woosley, S. E., Langer, N., & Hartmann, D. H. 2003, ApJ, 591, 288
Hilditch, R. W., Howarth, I. D., & Harries, T. J. 2005, MNRAS, 357, 304
Hjorth, J., & Bloom, J. S. 2012, The Gamma-Ray Burst - Supernova Connection, 169–190
Hodges-Kluck, E. J., Bregman, J. N., Miller, J. M., & Pellegrini, E. 2012, ApJ, 747, L39
Hynes, R. I., Clark, J. S., Barsukova, E. A., et al. 2002, A&A, 392, 991
Itoh, H., & Hachisu, I. 1990, ApJ, 358, 551
Janka, H.-T. 2012, Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, 62, 407
Jester, S., Schneider, D. P., Richards, G. T., et al. 2005, AJ, 130, 873
Juett, A. M., Psaltis, D., & Chakrabarty, D. 2001, ApJ, 560, L59
Kahabka, P., & van den Heuvel, E. P. J. 2006, Super-soft sources, ed. W. H. G. Lewin & M. van der Klis, 461–474
Kalberla, P. M. W., Burton, W. B., Hartmann, D., et al. 2005, A&A, 440, 775
Kasen, D., & Bildsten, L. 2010, ApJ, 717, 245
Kennea, J. A., Hoversten, E. A., Curran, P., et al. 2011, The Astronomer’s Telegram, 3758, 1
Kimura, M., Tomida, H., Sootome, T., et al. 2011, The Astronomer’s Telegram, 3756, 1
King, A. R., Rolfe, D. J., & Schenker, K. 2003, MNRAS, 341, L35
Kong, A. K. H. 2013, The Astronomer’s Telegram, 5515, 1
Kong, A. K. H., & Di Stefano, R. 2005, ApJ, 632, L107
Kong, A. K. H., Di Stefano, R., & Yuan, F. 2004, ApJ, 617, L49
K ̈ording, E. G., Knigge, C., Tzioumis, T., & Fender, R. 2011, MNRAS, 418, L129
Kuntz, K. D., Gruendl, R. A., Chu, Y.-H., et al. 2005, ApJ, 620, L31
Li, K. L., & Kong, A. K. H. 2013, The Astronomer’s Telegram, 5150, 1
Li, K. L., Kong, A. K. H., Takata, J., et al. 2014, ApJ, 797, 111
Li, K. L., Kong, A. K. H., Charles, P. A., et al. 2012, ApJ, 761, 99
Liu, J.-F., Bregman, J. N., Bai, Y., Justham, S., & Crowther, P. 2013, Nature, 503, 500
Liu, Q. Z., & Mirabel, I. F. 2005, A&A, 429, 1125
Lockley, J. J., Eyres, S. P. S., & Wood, J. H. 1997, MNRAS, 287, L14
Madura, T. I., Owocki, S. P., & Feldmeier, A. 2007, ApJ, 660, 687
Maund, J. R., Smartt, S. J., Kudritzki, R. P., Podsiadlowski, P., & Gilmore, G. F. 2004, Nature, 427, 129
McClintock, J. E., & Remillard, R. A. 2006, Black hole binaries, ed. W. H. G. Lewin & M. van der Klis, 157–213
Morales-Garoffolo, A., Elias-Rosa, N., Benetti, S., et al. 2014, MNRAS, 445, 1647
Morii, M., Tomida, H., Kimura, M., et al. 2013, ApJ, 779, 118
Mukai, K., & Ishida, M. 2001, ApJ, 551, 1024
Mukai, K., Orio, M., & Della Valle, M. 2008, in American Institute of Physics Conference Series, Vol. 1010, A Population Explosion: The Nature & Evolution of X-ray Binaries in Diverse Environments, ed. R. M. Bandyopadhyay, S. Wachter, D. Gelino, & C. R. Gelino, 143–147
Nandra, K., Laird, E. S., Adelberger, K., et al. 2005, MNRAS, 356, 568
Negueruela, I., Smith, D. M., Reig, P., Chaty, S., & Torrej ́on, J. M. 2006, in ESA Special Publication, Vol. 604, The X-ray Universe 2005, ed. A. Wilson, 165
Nelson, T., Donato, D., Mukai, K., Sokoloski, J., & Chomiuk, L. 2012, ApJ, 748, 43
Nishiyama, S., Haba, Y., Kato, D., et al. 2007, ApJ, 658, 358
Nomoto, K., Saio, H., Kato, M., & Hachisu, I. 2007, ApJ, 663, 1269
Ofek, E. O., Rabinak, I., Neill, J. D., et al. 2010, ApJ, 724, 1396
Orlandini, M., Frontera, F., Masetti, N., Sguera, V., & Sidoli, L. 2012, ApJ, 748, 86
Osborne, J. P., Page, K. L., Beardmore, A. P., et al. 2011, ApJ, 727, 124
Page, K. L., Osborne, J. P., Evans, P. A., et al. 2010, MNRAS, 401, 121
Panagia, N., & Felli, M. 1975, A&A, 39, 1
Papitto, A., Bozzo, E., Ferrigno, C., & Rea, N. 2013a, The Astronomer’s Telegram, 5534, 1
Papitto, A., Ferrigno, C., Bozzo, E., et al. 2013b, Nature, 501, 517
Patruno, A., Archibald, A. M., Hessels, J. W. T., et al. 2014, ApJ, 781, L3
Poole, T. S., Breeveld, A. A., Page, M. J., et al. 2008, MNRAS, 383, 627
Poznanski, D., Prochaska, J. X., & Bloom, J. S. 2012, MNRAS, 426, 1465
Rajoelimanana, A. F., Charles, P. A., & Udalski, A. 2011, MNRAS, 413, 1600
Rauch, T., & Deetjen, J. L. 2003, in Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Vol. 288, Stellar Atmosphere Modeling, ed. I. Hubeny, D. Mihalas, & K. Werner, 103
Richardson, D., Branch, D., Casebeer, D., et al. 2002, AJ, 123, 745
Rinehart, S. A., Houck, J. R., & Smith, J. D. 1999, AJ, 118, 2974
Roming, P. W. A., Kennedy, T. E., Mason, K. O., et al. 2005, Space Sci. Rev., 120, 95
Russell, S. C., & Dopita, M. A. 1992, ApJ, 384, 508
Rybicki, G. B., & Lightman, A. P. 1979, Radiative processes in astrophysics
Sault, R. J., & Conway, J. E. 1999, in Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Vol. 180, Synthesis Imaging in Radio Astronomy II, ed. G. B. Taylor, C. L. Carilli, & R. A. Perley, 419
Sault, R. J., Teuben, P. J., & Wright, M. C. H. 1995, in Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Vol. 77, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems IV, ed. R. A. Shaw, H. E. Payne, & J. J. E. Hayes, 433
Schawinski, K., Justham, S., Wolf, C., et al. 2008, Science, 321, 223
Scholberg, K. 2012, Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, 62, 81
Schure, K. M., Kosenko, D., Kaastra, J. S., Keppens, R., & Vink, J. 2009, A&A, 508, 751
Seward, F. D., & Charles, P. A. 2010, Exploring the X-ray Universe Shaw, A., & Charles, P. 2013, Astronomy and Geophysics, 54, 060006
Shcherbakov, R. V., Peer, A., Reynolds, C. S., et al. 2013, ApJ, 769, 85
Skrutskie, M. F., Cutri, R. M., Stiening, R., et al. 2006, AJ, 131, 1163
Smartt, S. J. 2009, ARA&A, 47, 63
Soderberg, A. M., Berger, E., Page, K. L., et al. 2008, Nature, 453, 469
Sokoloski, J. L., Luna, G. J. M., Mukai, K., & Kenyon, S. J. 2006, Nature, 442, 276
Soria, R., & Ghosh, K. K. 2009, ApJ, 696, 287
Southwell, K. A., Livio, M., Charles, P. A., O’Donoghue, D., & Sutherland, W. J. 1996, ApJ, 470, 1065
Stanek, K. Z., & Garnavich, P. M. 1998, ApJ, 503, L131
Sturm, R., Haberl, F., Pietsch, W., et al. 2012, A&A, 537, A76
Swartz, D. A., Ghosh, K. K., Tennant, A. F., & Wu, K. 2004, ApJS, 154, 519
Takata, J., Li, K. L., Leung, G. C. K., et al. 2014, ApJ, 785, 131
Tam, P. H. T., Hui, C. Y., Huang, R. H. H., et al. 2010, ApJ, 724, L207
Tang, S., Bildsten, L., Wolf, W. M., et al. 2014, ApJ, 786, 61
Thorstensen, J. R., & Armstrong, E. 2005, AJ, 130, 759
Torres, G. 2010, AJ, 140, 1158
Tozzi, P., Gilli, R., Mainieri, V., et al. 2006, A&A, 451, 457
Udalski, A. 2008, Acta Astronomica, 58, 187
Van Dyk, S. D., Cenko, S. B., Foley, R. J., et al. 2013, The Astronomer’s Telegram, 5139, 1
Van Dyk, S. D., Zheng, W., Fox, O. D., et al. 2014, AJ, 147, 37
Wang, Z., Archibald, A. M., Thorstensen, J. R., et al. 2009, ApJ, 703, 2017
Waxman, E., Meszaros, P., & Campana, S. 2007, ApJ, 667, 351
Weisskopf, M. C., Tananbaum, H. D., Van Speybroeck, L. P., & O’Dell, S. L. 2000, in Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, Vol. 4012, X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions III, ed. J. E. Truemper & B. Aschenbach, 2–16
Werner, K., Deetjen, J. L., Dreizler, S., et al. 2003, in Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Vol. 288, Stellar Atmosphere Modeling, ed. I. Hubeny, D. Mihalas, & K. Werner, 31
Werner, K., & Dreizler, S. 1999, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 109, 65
Woosley, S. E., & Weaver, T. A. 1986, ARA&A, 24, 205