在本篇論文中，我們將研究極亮X-射線源（ultraluminous X-ray sources, Lx > 1039 erg/s）光度函數（luminosity function）以及其宿主星系（host galaxy）的關係。我們將使用錢卓X-射線望遠鏡（Chandra X-ray Observatory）截至目前為止最大量的觀測資料以及新的方法，在不同的宿主星系基本性質間作比較，並證實之前其他人的研究結果。我們的極亮X-射線源數據主要來自5個不同的目錄，而全部的目錄都是使用錢卓望遠鏡的觀測。統計過後，我們有339個都在1億秒差距（100Mpc）內的極亮X-射線源，我們稱這樣的樣本為 ‘全部的極亮X-射線源樣本’（All ULXs sample）；相對於此，我們更進一步篩選並建立了一個其全部可以被錢卓望遠鏡的電荷耦合元件（Charge Couple Device, CCD）完整觀測的樣本，其範圍在D25等光度橢圓（D25 isophotal ellipse）內我們稱之為 ‘完整的極亮X-射線源樣本’（Complete ULXs sample）。這兩個樣本的篩選條件都高於4σ偵測值（detection significance）。其X-射線通量是藉由皮姆斯（Portable, Interactive Multi-Mission Simulator, PIMMS）的估計得出，而當同一極亮X-射線源具有多次觀測資料時，我們將使用其X-射線通量（X-ray flux）最亮的一次觀測製作成X-射線光度函數。除此之外，我們同時也將探討來自不同模型的光譜擬合（spectral fitting）的結果，例如幂次（power law）以及盤狀黑體輻射（disk blackbody）。我們使用四種不同的指標來代表星系的性質，星系形態（galaxy morphology）、恆星誕生率（star formation rate, SFR）由愛惹斯（Infrared Astronomical Satellite, IRAS）的數據估計而來；星系恆星質量（galaxy stellar-mass）由已修正 B 波段星等（BT0）來估計，其已修正銀河系內外消光（galactic and internal extinction）、紅移（redshift）以及傾角（inclination angle），星等數據我們將直接使用第三代亮星系目錄（Third Reference Catalog of Bright Galaxies, RC3）；至星系中心距離（galactocentric distance），我們藉由考慮星系傾角計算得出，我們並發現至中心距離分佈和銀河系中的高質量X-射線雙星（High Mass X-ray Binaries, HMXBs）的相似性。
我們分別為了全部的以及完整的極亮X-射線源樣本，建立了兩種的X-射線光度函數，並且使用幂次以及指數截止幂次（exponential cut-off power law）模型進行擬合分析，在這兩種樣本中，再進一步以上述四種星系基本性質建立子樣本（sub-sample）。這是人類歷史上首次使用X-射線光度函數針對極亮X-射線源來進行星系基本性質的研究，並發現截止（cut-off）這樣的特性出現在所有的X-射線光度函數中，因此這可以看成是一個無關於星系基本性質的，而是屬於極亮X-射線源本身的獨立特性。
這同時也是第一次，我們提供了根據不同星系基本性質而區分出的數量密度（number density）。擁有最高數量密度的環境是在不規則或奇特星系（irregular/peculiar galaxy）以及高恆星誕生率的子樣本中，更特別的是，以恆星誕生率做為區分的子樣本中顯示：恆星誕生率為影響極亮X-射線源亮度的重要指標。因此我們得到第一個結論是，恆星誕生率是一個對於極亮X-射線源數量密度以及亮度極為重要的因素。同時，我們根據 Kolmogorov-Smirnov 統計測試法（KS-test），來測試兩個子樣本間的差異性，並發現不論是在全部的以及完整的極亮X-射線源樣本裡，最大的差異依舊是發生在根據以恆星誕生率做為區分的子樣本之間。
以X-射線光譜特性指標（soft and hard X-ray colors or HR1 & HR2）的統計結果顯示，光譜的特性在任何子樣本間並無顯著的差異。我們同時也根據擁有更多細節（high quality）的X-射線光譜形狀（spectral shape）去比較宿主星系間的基本性質，同樣地，並沒有發現任何顯著的差異。
我們同時也簡單比較真．超激亮X-射線源（hyperluminous X-ray sources, HLXs）的宿主星系以及極亮X-射線源的宿主星系，基於我們只有少量的真．超激亮X-射線源的觀測資料下，目前我們發現只有兩個真．超激亮X-射線源的宿主星系有愛惹斯的觀測結果，並且根據遠紅外線（far-infrared, FIR）的數據顯示，此兩個真．超激亮X-射線源的宿主星系都是屬於高恆星誕生率或是活躍星系（active galaxy）。基本上，此一結果和恆星誕生率對於極亮X-射線源的亮度有重要的影響力一致。

We present a study of X-ray luminosity functions (XLFs) of ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) candidates (Lx >10^39 erg/s) and their host galaxy properties. In this work, we present the largest Chandra X-ray observations to date and new methods to compare different ULX host galaxy properties and reconfirm the results from previous studies. Our ULX samples are a collection of 5 different catalogs based on Chandra observations with a total of 339 ULXs within 100 Mpc, and we called it ‘All ULXs’ sample. For comparison, we also build a ‘Complete ULXs’ sample consisting candidates above 4 sigma detection significance, within D25 isophotal ellipse and the whole galaxy is fully covered by Chandra observations. We select the maximum flux of a source estimated by the Portable, Interactive Multi-Mission Simulator (PIMMS) to build XLFs as the parent sample or ‘All ULXs’ sample. In addition to the XLFs of ULXs, we also report X-ray spectral fitting results with power law and disk blackbody models. To characterize the host galaxy properties, we estimate galaxy-wide star formation rate (SFR) based on IRAS observations, while stellar-mass is estimated from the B magnitude (B_T^0) corrected for galactic and internal extinction, and for redshift in the Third Reference Catalog of Bright Galaxies (RC3). We calculate the galactocentric distance of ULXs to the center of the host galaxy by considering inclination angle based on the major-to-minor ratio in the RC3, and find that it is similar to high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs) in our Galaxy.
We build XLFs in both ‘All ULXs’ and ‘Complete ULXs’ samples and fit them with both power law and exponential cut-off power law models according to morphology, SFR, stellar-mass and galactocentric distance. This is the first time to be done by using XLFs for studying ULX’s host galaxy properties. We find that an obvious cut-off feature in XLFs and suggest that it could be a global feature in terms of host galaxy properties.
We select ULXs to construct the corresponding XLFs. For the first time, we also give a number density of ULXs according to different host galaxy properties. The most denser environment are ULXs in irregular/peculiar and high SFR group and we find that the XLFs are significantly difference for high and low SFR. It suggests that SFR is the most important factor than others to affect both number density and luminosity of ULXs. We also apply KS-test to test whether two groups/sub-samples are from the same parent distribution. The results suggest that there is a significant difference between high and low SFR groups in both ‘All ULXs’ and ‘Complete ULXs’ samples.
The average HR1 and HR2 colors show no significant difference between groups. We also compare host galaxy properties to each other according to different X-ray spectral shape. These results suggest that the spectral shape may not be affected by different host galaxy properties. However, the luminosity can be affected by host galaxy properties.
We also briefly compared the host galaxies of hyperluminous X-ray sources (HLXs) and ULXs. Two of the HLX candidates have IRAS observations. We find that they are located in high SFR galaxy or active galaxy. It would be generally consistent with our results that SFR is crucial factor to determine the luminosity of ULX.

Table of Contents i
List of Figures iii
List of Tables v
1 Introduction 1
2 Sample Selection and Observations 15
2.1 Chandra X-ray Observatory 15
2.2 Data 16
2.2.1 Initial Sample 16
2.2.2 Chandra X-ray Observations 17
2.2.3 Host Galaxy Properties 19
2.2.4 Selection Criteria, Contamination Estimation and Final Sample 37
2.2.5 Sample Features 38
3 Data Analysis 46
3.1 Maximum Likelihood Fitting to XLF 46
3.2 Hardness Ratio 47
3.3 Galaxy-Wide Star Formation Rate 47
3.4 Stellar-Mass of Host Galaxy 47
3.5 Distance to The Center of Host Galaxy 50
4 Results 52
4.1 Luminosity Functions and Results based on Count Rate 52
4.1.1 Composition of Each Sub-Sample 53
4.1.2 Luminosity Function Fitting Results 54
4.1.3 Average Hardness Ratio and Average Luminosity 67
4.2 Results from X-ray Spectral Fitting 68
4.2.1 Power Law Model 71
4.2.2 MCD Model 71
4.2.3 Power Law plus MCD Model 74
4.3 Inconsistency and Consistency between Two Methods of Luminosity Estimation 74
4.3.1 KS-test between Two Data Distributions 80
4.3.2 Difference of Average Luminosity 82
5 Discussion 86
5.1 Looking Deep into The SFR Sub-Sample 86
5.2 Comparison to Other ULX Surveys 88
5.3 Correlation between Spectral Shapes of ULX Candidates and Host Galaxies 91
5.4 HLX Candidates 92
6 Summary 95
7 Future Works 98
Appendix 99

Abolmasov, P. K., Swartz, D. A., Fabrika, S., et al. 2007, The Astrophysical Journal, 668, 124
Allen, J. T., Hewett, P. C., Maddox, N., Richards, G. T., & Belokurov, V. 2010, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 410, 860
Alloin, D., Edmunds, M. G., Lindblad, P. O., & Pagel, B. E. J. 1981, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 101, 377
Ammons, S. M., Robinson, S. E., Strader, J., et al. 2006, The Astrophysical Journal, 638, 1004
Arbutina, B., Ilic, D., Stavrev, K., et al. 2009, Serbian Astronomical Journal, 87
Arp, H., Guti´errez, C. M., & L´opez-Corredoira, M. 2004, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 418, 877
Atlee, D. W., & Gould, A. 2007, The Astrophysical Journal, 664, 53
Begelman, M. C. 2002, The Astrophysical Journal, 568, L97
Beifiori, A., Courteau, S., Corsini, E. M., & Zhu, Y. 2012, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 419, 2497
Belczynski, K., Bulik, T., Fryer, C. L., et al. 2010, The Astrophysical Journal, 714, 1217
Belczynski, K., Sadowski, A., & Rasio, F. A. 2004, The Astrophysical Journal, 611, 1068
Berghea, C. T., Weaver, K. A., Colbert, E. J. M., & Roberts, T. P. 2008, The Astrophysical Journal, 687, 471
Bergond, G., Athanassoula, E., Leon, S., et al. 2007, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 464, L21
Blakeslee, J. P., Lucey, J. R., Barris, B. J., Hudson, M. J., & Tonry, J. L. 2001, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 327, 1004
Blom, C., Spitler, L. R., & Forbes, D. A. 2012, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 420, 37
Bradley, T. R., Knapen, J. H., Beckman, J. E., & Folkes, S. L. 2006, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 459, L13
Brandt, W. N., Alexander, D. M., Hornschemeier, A. E., et al. 2001, The Astronomical Journal, 122, 2810
Brassington, N. J., Read, A. M., & Ponman, T. J. 2005, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 360, 801
Buat, V., & Xu, C. 1996, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 306, 61
Bukhmastova, Y. L. 2001, Astronomy Reports, 45, 581
Cash, W. 1979, Astrophysical Journal, 228, 939
Cavuoti, S., Brescia, M., D’Abrusco, R., Longo, G., & Paolillo, M. 2014, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 437, 968
Chiang, Y.-K., & Kong, A. K. H. 2011, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 414, 1329
Chiboucas, K., & Mateo, M. 2007, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 170, 95
Clark, D. M., Christopher, M. H., Eikenberry, S. S., et al. 2005, The Astrophysical Journal, 631, L109
Colbert, E. J. M., Heckman, T. M., Ptak, A. F., Strickland, D. K., & Weaver, K. A. 2004, The Astrophysical Journal, 602, 231
Corwin, H. G. J., Buta, R. J., & de Vaucouleurs, G. 1994, Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256), 108, 2128
Courtes, G., Petit, H., Hua, C. T., et al. 1993, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 268, 419
Croxall, K. V., van Zee, L., Lee, H., et al. 2009, The Astrophysical Journal, 705, 723
D’Abrusco, R., Longo, G., & Walton, N. A. 2009, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 396, 223
Devi, A. S., Misra, R., Agrawal, V. K., & Singh, K. Y. 2007, The Astrophysical Journal, 664, 458
Dexter, J., & Quataert, E. 2012, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, 426, L71
Done, C., & Kubota, A. 2006, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 371, 1216
Drozdovsky, I. O., & Karachentsev, I. D. 2000, Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement, 142, 425
Dwarkadas, V. V., Dewey, D., & Bauer, F. 2010, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 407, 812
Dwarkadas, V. V., & Gruszko, J. 2012, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 419, 1515
Ebisawa, K., ˙Zycki, P., Kubota, A., Mizuno, T., & Watarai, K.-y. 2003, The Astrophysical Journal, 597, 780
Evans, I. N., Koratkar, A. P., Storchi-Bergmann, T., et al. 1996, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 105, 93
Evans, I. N., Primini, F. A., Glotfelty, K. J., et al. 2010, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 189, 37
Fabbiano, G., Kim, D. W., Fragos, T., et al. 2006, The Astrophysical Journal, 650, 879
Faifer, F. R., Forte, J. C., Norris, M. A., et al. 2011, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 416, 155
Farrell, S. A., Webb, N. A., Barret, D., Godet, O., & Rodrigues, J. M. 2009, Nature, 460, 73
Feldmeier, J. J., Ciardullo, R., & Jacoby, G. H. 1997, Astrophysical Journal v.479, 479, 231
Fenech, D. M., Muxlow, T. W. B., Beswick, R. J., Pedlar, A., & Argo, M. K. 2008, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 391, 1384
Feng, H., & Kaaret, P. 2005, The Astrophysical Journal, 633, 1052
—. 2006, The Astrophysical Journal, 653, 536
—. 2010, The Astrophysical Journal, 712, L169
Feng, H., & Soria, R. 2011, New Astronomy Reviews, 55, 166
Flesch, E. 2010, Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, 27, 283
—. 2013, Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, 30, e004
Forbes, D. A., Sanchez-Blazquez, P., Phan, A. T. T., et al. 2006, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 366, 1230
Foschini, L., Di Cocco, G., Ho, L. C., et al. 2002, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 392, 817
Freedman, W. L., Madore, B. F., Gibson, B. K., et al. 2001, The Astrophysical Journal, 553, 47
Gandhi, P. 2005, ”Asian Journal of Physics, 13, 90
Gavazzi, G., Savorgnan, G., & Fumagalli, M. 2011, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 534, A31
Gladstone, J. C., Roberts, T. P., & Done, C. 2009, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 397, 1836
Goad, M. R., Roberts, T. P., Knigge, C., & Lira, P. 2002, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 335, L67
Goddard, Q. E., Bastian, N., & Kennicutt, R. C. 2010, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 405, 857
Goncalves, A. C., & Soria, R. 2006, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 371, 673
Gonz´alez-Mart´ın, O., Papadakis, I., Reig, P., & Zezas, A. 2011, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 526, A132
Grimm, H. J., Gilfanov, M., & Sunyaev, R. 2003, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 339, 793
Harlaftis, E. T., & Greiner, J. 2004, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 414, L13
Heger, A., Fryer, C. L., Woosley, S. E., Langer, N., & Hartmann, D. H. 2003, The Astrophysical Journal, 591, 288
Helou, G., Soifer, B. T., & Rowan-Robinson, M. 1985, Astrophysical Journal, 298, L7
Higdon, J. L. 1996, The Astrophysical Journal, 467, 241
Hodge, P. W. 1969, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 18, 73
Hodge, P. W., & Kennicutt, R. C. J. 1983, The Astronomical Journal, 88, 296
Hui, Y., & Krolik, J. H. 2008, The Astrophysical Journal, 679, 1405
Humphrey, P. J. 2009, The Astrophysical Journal, 690, 512
Humphrey, P. J., & Buote, D. A. 2004, The Astrophysical Journal, 612, 848
—. 2008, The Astrophysical Journal, 689, 983
Humphrey, P. J., Fabbiano, G., Elvis, M., Church, M. J., & Ba luci´nska-Church, M. 2003, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 344, 134
Hwang, N., & Lee, M. G. 2008, The Astronomical Journal, 135, 1567
Immler, S., & Lewin, W. H. G. 2003, Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursters. Edited by K.Weiler., 598, 91
Imshennik, V. S., & Manukovskii, K. V. 2004, Astronomy Letters, 30, 803
Irwin, J. A., Bregman, J. N., & Athey, A. E. 2004, The Astrophysical Journal, 601, L143
Isobe, N., Kubota, A., Sato, H., & Mizuno, T. 2012, Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, 64, 119
Jenkins, L. P., Brandt, W. N., Colbert, E. J. M., et al. 2011, The Astrophysical Journal, 734, 33
Jonker, P. G., Torres, M. A. P., Fabian, A. C., et al. 2010, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 407, 645
Jord´an, A., Peng, E. W., Blakeslee, J. P., et al. 2009, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 180, 54
Kaaret, P. 2003, Science, 299, 365
Kaaret, P., & Alonso Herrero, A. 2008, The Astrophysical Journal, 682, 1020
Kajava, J. J. E., Poutanen, J., Farrell, S. A., Gris´e, F., & Kaaret, P. 2012, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 422, 990
Kalberla, P. M. W., Burton, W. B., Hartmann, D., et al. 2005, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 440, 775
Karachentsev, I. D., Karachentseva, V. E., Huchtmeier, W. K., & Makarov, D. I. 2004, The Astronomical Journal, 127, 2031
Kennicutt, R. C., & Hodge, P. W. 1980, The Astrophysical Journal, 241, 573
Kennicutt, R. C. J. 1998, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 36, 189
Kim, D.-W., & Fabbiano, G. 2003, The Astrophysical Journal, 586, 826
Kim, M., Kim, D.-W., Wilkes, B. J., et al. 2007, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 169, 401
King, A. R. 2009, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, 393, L41
Kundu, A., Maccarone, T. J., & Zepf, S. E. 2007, The Astrophysical Journal, 662, 525
Larsen, S. S. 2000, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 319, 893
Larsen, S. S., Brodie, J. P., & Strader, J. 2005, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 443, 413
Laub, C., & Kuhl, T. L. 2005, How Bad is Good? - A Critical Look at Iterative Fitting of Reflectivity Models using the Reduced Chi- Square Statistic
Lee, J. H., Hwang, N., & Lee, M. G. 2011, The Astrophysical Journal, 735, 75
Lennarz, D., Altmann, D., & Wiebusch, C. 2012, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 538, A120
Levenson, N. A., Heckman, T. M., Krolik, J. H., Weaver, K. A., & ˙Z ycki, P. T. 2006, The Astrophysical Journal, 648, 111
Li, W., Leaman, J., Chornock, R., et al. 2012, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 412, 1441
Lira, P., Johnson, R. A., Lawrence, A., & Cid Fernandes, R. 2007, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 382, 1552
Lira, P., Ward, M., Zezas, A., Alonso-Herrero, A., & Ueno, S. 2002, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 330, 259
Liu, J. 2011, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 192, 10
Liu, J. F., & Bregman, J. N. 2005, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 157, 59
Liu, Q. Z., & Mirabel, I. F. 2005, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 429, 1125
Lonsdale Persson, C. J., & Helou, G. 1987, Astrophysical Journal, 314, 513
Lopes, P. A. A. 2007, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 380, 1608
L´opez-Corredoira, M., & Guti´errez, C. M. 2006, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 454, 77
Maccarone, T. J., Kundu, A., Zepf, S. E., & Rhode, K. L. 2007, Nature, 445, 183
—. 2011, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 410, 1655
Madden, S. C., R´emy-Ruyer, A., Galametz, M., et al. 2013, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 125, 600
Mahtessian, A. P., & Movsessian, V. G. 2010, Astrophysics, 53, 70
Mapelli, M., Moore, B., Giordano, L., et al. 2007, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 383, 230
Mapelli, M., Ripamonti, E., Zampieri, L., & Colpi, M. 2011, Astronomische Nachrichten, 332, 414
Mapelli, M., Ripamonti, E., Zampieri, L., Colpi, M., & Bressan, A. 2010, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 408, 234
Masetti, N., Foschini, L., Ho, L. C., et al. 2003, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 406, L27
Matsumoto, H., Tsuru, T. G., Koyama, K., et al. 2001, The Astrophysical Journal, 547, L25
McClintock, J. E., & Remillard, R. A. 2006, Black hole binaries
Mei, S., Blakeslee, J. P., Cˆot´e, P., et al. 2007, The Astrophysical Journal, 655, 144
Mezcua, M., Fabbiano, G., Gladstone, J. C., Farrell, S. A., & Soria, R. 2014, The Astrophysical Journal, 785, 121
Middleton, M. J., Sutton, A. D., & Roberts, T. P. 2011, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 417, 464
Middleton, M. J., Walton, D. J., Roberts, T. P., & Heil, L. 2014, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, 438, L51
Milisavljevic, D., Fesen, R. A., Chevalier, R. A., et al. 2012, The Astrophysical Journal, 751, 25
Miller, J. M., Bachetti, M., Barret, D., et al. 2014, The Astrophysical Journal, 785, L7
Miller, J. M., Fabbiano, G., Miller, M. C., & Fabian, A. C. 2003, The Astrophysical Journal, 585, L37
Miller, J. M., Fabian, A. C., & Miller, M. C. 2004, The Astrophysical Journal, 614, L117
Miller, J. M., Walton, D. J., King, A. L., et al. 2013, The Astrophysical Journal, 776, L36
Mineo, S., Gilfanov, M., & Sunyaev, R. 2012, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 419, 2095
Mineo, S., Rappaport, S., Steinhorn, B., et al. 2013, The Astrophysical Journal, 771, 133
Miyamoto, S., Kimura, K., Kitamoto, S., Dotani, T., & Ebisawa, K. 1991, The Astrophysical Journal, 383, 784
Moon, D.-S., Harrison, F. A., Cenko, S. B., & Shariff, J. A. 2011, The Astrophysical Journal, 731, L32
Orosz, J. A., McClintock, J. E., Aufdenberg, J. P., et al. 2011, The Astrophysical Journal, 742, 84
P˜A rez Montero, E., & V˜A lchez, J. M. 2009, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 400, 1721
Paolillo, M., Puzia, T. H., Goudfrooij, P., et al. 2011, The Astrophysical Journal, 736, 90
Pˆaris, I., Petitjean, P., Aubourg, ´ E., et al. 2012, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 548, A66
Paturel, G., Petit, C., Prugniel, P., et al. 2003, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 412, 45
Pereira-Santaella, M., Diamond-Stanic, A. M., Alonso Herrero, A., & Rieke, G. H. 2010, The Astrophysical Journal, 725, 2270
P´erez-Ram´ırez, D., Caballero-Garcia, M. D., Ebrero, J., & Leon, S. 2010, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 522, A53
Perna, R., Soria, R., Pooley, D., & Stella, L. 2008, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 384, 1638
Peth, M. A., Ross, N. P., & Schneider, D. P. 2011, The Astronomical Journal, 141, 105
Petit, H. 1998, Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series, 131, 317
Petit, H., Hua, C. T., Bersier, D., & Courtes, G. 1996, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 309, 446
Pickles, A., & Depagne, ´ E. 2010, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 122, 1437
Pintore, F., & Zampieri, L. 2012, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 420, 1107
Pintore, F., Zampieri, L., Wolter, A., & Belloni, T. 2014, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 439, 3461
Pizzolato, F., Wolter, A., & Trinchieri, G. 2010, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 406, 1116
Plotkin, R. M., Gallo, E., Miller, B. P., et al. 2014, The Astrophysical Journal, 780, 6
Portegies Zwart, S. F., Baumgardt, H., Hut, P., Makino, J., & McMillan, S. L.W. 2004, Nature, 428, 724
Posson-Brown, J., Raychaudhury, S., Forman, W., Donnelly, R. H., & Jones, C. 2009, The Astrophysical Journal, 695, 1094
Poutanen, J., Lipunova, G., Fabrika, S., Butkevich, A. G., & Abolmasov, P. 2007, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 377, 1187
Prestwich, A. H., Irwin, J. A., Kilgard, R. E., et al. 2003, The Astrophysical Journal, 595, 719
Prestwich, A. H., Kilgard, R. E., Primini, F., McDowell, J. C., & Zezas, A. 2009, The Astrophysical Journal, 705, 1632
Prestwich, A. H., Tsantaki, M., Zezas, A., et al. 2013, The Astrophysical Journal, 769, 92
Prestwich, A. H., Galache, J. L., Linden, T., et al. 2012, The Astrophysical Journal, 747, 150
Ptak, A., Colbert, E., van der Marel, R. P., et al. 2006, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 166, 154
Rappaport, S., Levine, A., Pooley, D., & Steinhorn, B. 2010, The Astrophysical Journal, 721, 1348
Remillard, R. A., & McClintock, J. E. 2006, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 44, 49
Richards, G. T., Myers, A. D., Gray, A. G., et al. 2009, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 180, 67
Richtler, T., Bassino, L. P., Dirsch, B., & Kumar, B. 2012, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 543, A131
Roberts, T. P. 2007, Astrophysics and Space Science, 311, 203
Roberts, T. P., Warwick, R. S., Ward, M. J., & Murray, S. S. 2002, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 337, 677
Rodriguez, J., & Bodaghee, A. 2008, in A POPULATION EXPLOSION: The Nature & Evolution of X-ray Binaries in Diverse Environments. AIP Conference Proceedings, Laboratoire AIM, DAPNIA/Sap, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France, 225–229
Rosado, M., Ghosh, K. K., & Fuentes-Carrera, I. 2008, The Astronomical Journal, 136, 212
S´anchez, S. F., Rosales-Ortega, F. F., Marino, R. A., et al. 2012, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 546, A2
Shakura, N. I., & Sunyaev, R. A. 1973, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 24, 337
Silva-Villa, E., & Larsen, S. S. 2011, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 529, A25
Silverman, J. M., & Filippenko, A. V. 2008, The Astrophysical Journal, 678, L17
Sivakoff, G. R., Sarazin, C. L., & Irwin, J. A. 2003, The Astrophysical Journal, 599, 218
Skrutskie, M. F., Cutri, R. M., Stiening, R., et al. 2006, The Astronomical Journal, 131, 1163
Smith, B. J., Struck, C., Kenney, J. D. P., & Jogee, S. 1999, The Astronomical Journal, 117, 1237
Smith, B. J., Struck, C., & Nowak, M. A. 2005, The Astronomical Journal, 129, 1350
Smith, B. J., Swartz, D. A., Miller, O., et al. 2012, The Astronomical Journal, 143, 144
Soria, R. 2007, Astrophysics and Space Science, 311, 213
Soria, R., & Motch, C. 2004, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 422, 915
Souchay, J., Andrei, A. H., Barache, C., et al. 2012, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 537, A99
Springob, C. M., Masters, K. L., Haynes, M. P., Giovanelli, R., & Marinoni, C. 2009, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 182, 474
Steiner, J. F., Narayan, R., McClintock, J. E., & Ebisawa, K. 2009, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 121, 1279
Stern, J., & Laor, A. 2012, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 423, 600
Stobbart, A. M., Roberts, T. P., & Wilms, J. 2006, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 368, 397
Sutton, A. D., Roberts, T. P., Walton, D. J., Gladstone, J. C., & Scott, A. E. 2012, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 423, 1154
Svensson, R., & Zdziarski, A. A. 1994, The Astrophysical Journal, 436, 599
Swartz, D. A., Ghosh, K. K., Tennant, A. F., & Wu, K. 2004, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 154, 519
Swartz, D. A., Soria, R., & Tennant, A. F. 2008, The Astrophysical Journal, 684, 282
Swartz, D. A., Soria, R., Tennant, A. F., & Yukita, M. 2011, The Astrophysical Journal, 741, 49
Swartz, D. A., Tennant, A. F., & Soria, R. 2009, The Astrophysical Journal, 703, 159
Tonry, J. L., Dressler, A., Blakeslee, J. P., et al. 2001, The Astrophysical Journal, 546, 681
Trancho, G., Konstantopoulos, I. S., Bastian, N., et al. 2012, The Astrophysical Journal, 748, 102
Trinchieri, G., Sulentic, J., Breitschwerdt, D., & Pietsch, W. 2003, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 401, 173
Tully, R. B. 1988, Cambridge and New York
Tully, R. B., Shaya, E. J., & Pierce, M. J. 1992, Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (ISSN0067-0049), 80, 479
van den Bergh, S. 2007, The Astronomical Journal, 134, 1508
van den Bergh, S., Li, W., & Filippenko, A. V. 2005, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 117, 773
V´eron-Cetty, M. P., & V´eron, P. 2010, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 518, 10
Vierdayanti, K., Done, C., Roberts, T. P., & Mineshige, S. 2010, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 403, 1206
Voges, W., Aschenbach, B., Boller, T., et al. 2000, International Astronomical Union Circular, 7432, 1
Vorontsov-Velyaminov, B. A., Noskova, R. I., & Arkhipova, V. P. 2001, Astronomical & Astrophysical Transactions, 20, 717
Walterbos, R. A. M., & Greenawalt, B. 1996, Astrophysical Journal v.460, 460, 696
Walton, D. J., Gladstone, J. C., Roberts, T. P., et al. 2011a, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 414, 1011
Walton, D. J., Roberts, T. P., Mateos, S., & Heard, V. 2011b, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 416, 1844
Walton, D. J., Fuerst, F., Harrison, F., et al. 2013, The Astrophysical Journal, 779, 148
Walton, D. J., Harrison, F. A., Grefenstette, B. W., et al. 2014, eprint arXiv:1402.2992
Watarai, K.-y., Mizuno, T., & Mineshige, S. 2001, The Astrophysical Journal, 549, L77
Watson, C. L. 2006, Society for Astronomical Sciences Annual Symposium, 25, 47
Webb, D. J. 1996, Sky and Telescope, 92, 92
Welsh, B. Y., Wheatley, J., & Lallement, R. 2009, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 121, 606
Winter, L. M., Mushotzky, R. F., & Reynolds, C. S. 2006, The Astrophysical Journal, 649, 730
Wolter, A., & Trinchieri, G. 2004, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 426, 787
Xmm-Newton Survey Science Centre, C. 2010, VizieR Online Data Catalog, 9041, 0
—. 2013, VizieR Online Data Catalog, 9044, 0
Yungelson, L. R., van den Heuvel, E. P. J., Vink, J. S., Portegies Zwart, S. F., & de Koter, A. 2008, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 477, 223
Zampieri, L., & Roberts, T. P. 2009, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 400, 677
Zaragoza-Cardiel, J., Font-Serra, J., Beckman, J. E., et al. 2013, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 432, 998
Zezas, A., & Fabbiano, G. 2002, The Astrophysical Journal, 577, 726
Zezas, A., Fabbiano, G., Rots, A. H., & Murray, S. S. 2002, The Astrophysical Journal, 577, 710