本研究旨在美國情境喜劇《六人行》全季中找出英語附加問句在功能及性別上的使用差異。過往的研究中，在附加問句的性別使用差異上以說話者的性別為主，為使本研究更著重在性別的差異，本研究的語料來源針對了六位男女主角為說話者且只有一位聽話者的對話，進一步研究附加問句在不同性別組合中的使用情形。本研究性別組合有四種：男性說話者對男性聽話者、男性說話者對女性聽話者、女性說話者對男性聽話者及女性說話者對女性聽話者。而研究結果顯示，男性說話者使用較多附加問句，且說話者在與異性對話時更常使用附加問句。
本研究中語用功能的判定是以句尾語調為基礎，配合前人對於附加問句語調所涵蓋的功能作為指標，十季《六人行》中共找出206個附加問句，18種語用功能，包含一個未被前人所提出的語用功能－諷刺。且在《六人行》中，不論說話者性別為何，皆頻繁使用附加問句來確認訊息。在句尾語調方面，男性說話者使用附加問句時，句尾語調較常上升；女性說話者則常以下降語調使用附加問句。
本研究針對前四項最常被使用的語用功能做進一步的分析，研究結果發現不同性別之說話者在功能及語調上有不同之使用傾向。而且，句尾語調及說話者的目的對於附加問句的功能具有較大的影響力。

This study aimed to understand the tag questions used between different genders and investigated the functional difference of tag questions. The data were collected through the transcripts of the American series, Friends. A total of 206 canonical tag questions were employed by the six main characters, including three males and three females. The results showed that male speakers produced more tag questions than female speakers. Most of the previous studies focused on the gender differences of the speakers only; therefore, the study further investigated the tag questions used in four gender groups, which are a male speaker toward a male hearer, a male speaker toward a female hearer, a female speaker toward a male hearer, and a female speaker toward a female hearer. The result showed that the tag questions were employed more frequently in the mixed-gender groups.
A function list that was based on the former studies on intonation and functions was used to make a pragmatic analysis. There are 18 functions contained in the data, including a new function－make sarcasm－found in Friends. Based on the result of the study, the tag questions were frequently used to ask for confirmation or verification by speakers of both genders. Among the four frequently used functions, it showed that the tendency to function and intonation use are different between genders.
In summary, the result of the study indicated that the speakers have a higher tendency to use tag questions when they are talking to a participant of the opposite gender than the same gender. Male speakers used tag questions with rising intonation more often while female speakers tended to use falling intonation. Moreover, it showed not only the functional differences in tag questions used between genders but also the relevance to the intonation and the intention of the speaker.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
誌謝辭 iv
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation and Background of the Study 1
1.2 Purpose of the Study 3
1.3 Questions of the Study 3
1.4 Outline of the Study 3
Chapter 2 Literature Review 5
2.1 General Introduction of Tag Questions 5
2.2 Functions of Tag Questions 8
2.2.1 Holmes’s Classification 8
2.2.2 Algeo’s Classification 9
2.2.3 Tottie and Hoffman’s Classification in 2006 10
2.2.4 Tottie and Hoffman’s Classification in 2009 12
2.2.5 Zhao’s Classification 14
2.2.6 Kimps et al.’s Classification 15
2.3 Intonations of Tag Questions 18
2.3.1 The Intonation Differences of Tag Questions 20
2.3.2 Intonations Found in Friends 25
2.4 Social Factors Influenced Tag Questions 25
2.4.1 Gender 25
2.4.2 Power of the Speaker 27
2.4.3 Social Status of the Speaker 28
2.4.4 The Type of Conversation 28
2.5 Summary 29
Chapter 3 Methodology 30
3.1 Introduction 30
3.2 Data Collection 31
3.3 Data analysis 33
3.4 Summary 35
Chapter 4 Result and Discussion 36
4.1 Overall Distribution of Tag Questions 36
4.2 The Functions of Tag Questions in Friends 41
4.2.1 The Functional Differences of Tag Questions between Genders 49
4.2.2 The Intonation Difference between Functions and Genders 52
4.3 Extra Findings 56
4.3.1 The Constant Polarity of Tag Questions 57
4.3.2 The Factors that Influence the Function of Tag Questions 59
4.3.3 A New Function Found in Friends 61
4.3.4 The Use of Tag Questions 64
4.4 Summary 65
Chapter 5 Conclusion 67
5.1 Overall Findings 67
5.2 Pedagogical Implication 69
5.3 Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research 72
References 74

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