智慧紡織品自1989年於日本首次出現以來，經歷了顯著的演變。當時，傳統工藝與技術創新 的結合在面料發展中標誌著一個關鍵時刻。多年來，這些紡織品已經超越了最初的應用範 圍，現在被廣泛應用於醫療保健、軍事和運動服裝等多個領域。這種增長得到了強勁的市場 預測支持，臺灣已經成為這一領域的中心樞紐，並與中國、美國、韓國和印度等全球領導者 一起，被譽為「紡織矽谷」。本研究探討了在智慧紡織品產業中，各主要國家的專利趨勢和比 較優勢，凸顯了這些國家在策略定位、持續創新和專業化方面的情況。研究還審視了臺灣的 智慧紡織品，這些紡織品顯示出顯著的創新能力，能夠滿足各種應用的日益增長的需求。技 術標準化、高開發成本以及跨行業合作的必要性等挑戰被討論，突顯了如紡織產業綜合研 究所(TTRI)和聚陽實業股份有限公司(Makalot)等機構和公司在推進研究和維持臺灣在高價 值紡織生產中領導地位所做的努力。這些案例研究提供了策略、挑戰和合作方面的洞察，使 得對這一領域當前及未來景觀的全面分析成為可能。

Smart textiles have evolved significantly since they first appeared in Japan in 1989, where a blend of traditional craftsmanship and technological innovation marked a pivotal moment in fabric development. Over the years, these textiles have expanded beyond their initial applications and are now used in various sectors such as healthcare, military, and sportswear. This growth has been supported by strong market projections, with Taiwan emerging as a central hub and earning the nickname 'Textile Silicon Valley' alongside global leaders like China, the USA, Korea, and India. This study explores the patent trends and comparative advantages (CA) that highlight the strategic positions, ongoing innovation, and specialization of leading countries in the smart textile industry. It also examines Taiwan’s smart textiles, where significant innovative capabilities have been shown to meet the growing needs of various applications. Challenges such as technological standardization, high development costs, and the necessity for cross-industry collaboration are discussed, highlighting the efforts of institutions like TTRI and companies like Makalot in advancing research and maintaining Taiwan's leadership in high-value textile production. These case studies provide insights into strategies, challenges, and collaborations, enabling a comprehensive analysis of the current and future landscape in this field.

ABSTRACT 3
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 6
1.1 Research Background 6
1.2 Research Gap 8
1.3 Research Objectives and Questions 9
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 10
2.1 Overview of Smart Textile 10
2.2 Smart Textile Components, Classifications and Its Applications 10
2.3 The Importance of Innovation 12
2.4 Patent-based Indicators for Monitoring Innovation 13
2.5 Apparel Value Chain 14
2.6 Emerging Technologies to An Emerging Industry 15
2.7 Emerging Technologies Challenges in the New Industry 15
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 17
3.1 Research Framework 17
3.2 Research Method 18
3.3 Data Collection 21
3.4 Data Analysis 42
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 42
4.1 Smart Textile Industry Overview 43
4.1.1 China 43
4.1.2 United States 43
4.1.3 Korea 44
4.1.4 India 44
4.1.5 Taiwan 45
4.2 Patent Trends and Comparison 45
4.2.1 Smart Textile Patent Trends 45
4.2.2 Comparative Advantage Analysis 49
4.2.3 Strategic Positioning 52
4.2.4 Smart Textile Value Chain 55
4.3 Market Analysis 60
4.3.1 Challenges 63
4.3.2 Opportunities 64
4.4 Competition and Future Outlook 67
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 69
5.1 Conclusion 69
5.2 Academic Contribution 70
5.3 Managerial Implications 71
5.4 Limitations 71
References 73
Appendix 87

Ampornphan, P., & Tongngam, S. (2020). Exploring Technology Influencers from Patent Data Using Association Rule Mining and Social Network Analysis. Information, 11(6), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/info11060333
Arundel, A., Paal, G. van de, & Soete, L. (1995). Innovation strategies of Europe’s largest industrial firms: Results of the PACE survey for information sources, public research, protection of innovations and government programmes ; final report. MERIT.
Axiom Market Research and Consulting. (n.d.). Smart Textiles Market Report, Global Market Share, Trend Analysis & Forecast. From https://www.axiommrc.com/product/te1809smart-textiles-market
Ballve, M. (2013). Wearable Gadgets Are Still Not Getting The Attention They Deserve—Here’s Why They Will Create A Massive New Market. Business Insider. From https://www.businessinsider.com/wearable-devices-create-a-new-market-2013-8
Bendkowska, W., Tysiak, J., Grabowski, L., & Blejzyk, A. (2005). Determining temperature regulating factor for apparel fabrics containing phase change material. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, 17(3/4), 209–214. https://doi.org/10.1108/09556220510590902
Bessen, J., & Maskin, E. (2000). Sequential innovation, patents, and imitation [Working Paper]. Cambridge, Mass. : Dept. of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/64176
Çelikel, D. C. (2020). Smart E-Textile Materials. In Advanced Functional Materials. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92439
Cheng, J., Zhou, B., Lukowicz, P., Seoane, F., Varga, M., Mehmann, A., Chabrecek, P., Gaschler, W., Goenner, K., Horter, H., Schneegass, S., Hassib, M., Schmidt, A., Freund, M., Zhang, R., & Amft, O. (2017). Textile Building Blocks: Toward Simple, Modularized, and Standardized Smart Textile. In S. Schneegass & O. Amft (Eds.), Smart Textiles: Fundamentals, Design, and Interaction (pp. 303–331). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50124-6_14
Cherenack, K., & van Pieterson, L. (2012). Smart textiles: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Applied Physics, 112(9), 091301. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4742728
China External Trade Development Council. (2018). Expensive and Inconvenient: The Plight of the Smart Textile Market in Mainland China. From https://info.taiwantrade.com/biznews/%E8%B2%B4%E5%8F%88%E4%B8%8D%E4%BE%BF-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8-%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E7%B4%A1%E7%B9%94%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E7%AA%98%E5%A2%83-1494252.html
Cho, C., Yoon, B., Coh, B.-Y., & Lee, S. (2016). An empirical analysis on purposes, drivers and activities of technology opportunity discovery: The case of Korean SMEs in the manufacturing sector. R&D Management, 46(1), 13–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12107
Chyr, S. Y. (2011). The challenges of moving towards OBM: A study of Taiwan clothing companies. https://theses.lib.polyu.edu.hk/handle/200/6154
Cohen, W. M., Nelson, R. R., & Walsh, J. P. (2000). Protecting Their Intellectual Assets: Appropriability Conditions and Why U.S. Manufacturing Firms Patent (or Not) (Working Paper 7552). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w7552
Coldewey, D. (2015). Google, Levi’s Weave Tech Into Textiles With Project Jacquard. NBC News. From https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/innovation/googles-project-jacquard-weaves-tech-textiles-n366756
Cooper, J. R. (1998). A multidimensional approach to the adoption of innovation. Management Decision, 36(8), 493. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251749810232565
Crespi, G., & Zuniga, P. (2012). Innovation and Productivity: Evidence from Six Latin American Countries. World Development, 40(2), 273–290.
Das1, S., Paul, D., Hasan, Chowdhury, G., Eanamul, H., & Nizam, Engr. Md. E. H. (2013). Smart Textiles-New Possibilities in Textile Engineering.
Debackere, K., Luwel, M., & Veugelers, R. (1999). Can technology lead to a competitive advantage? A case study of Flanders using european patent data. Scientometrics, 44(3), 379–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02458486
Du, W. Y. (2014). Resistive, Capacitive, Inductive, and Magnetic Sensor Technologies. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b17685
Duguet, E., & KABLA, I. (2011). Appropriation Strategy and the Motivations to Use the Patent System: An Econometric Analysis at the Firm Level in French Manufacturing. Annales d’Economie et de Statistique, 49/50, 289–327. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3194-1_11
Eichhoff, J., Hehl, A., Jockenhoevel, S., & Gries, T. (2013). 7—Textile fabrication technologies for embedding electronic functions into fibres, yarns and fabrics. In T. Kirstein (Ed.), Multidisciplinary Know-How for Smart-Textiles Developers (pp. 191–226). Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857093530.2.191
Ernst, H. (1998). Patent portfolios for strategic R&D planning. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 15(4), 279–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0923-4748(98)00018-6
Ernst, H. (2001). Patent applications and subsequent changes of performance: Evidence from time-series cross-section analyses on the firm level. Research Policy, 30(1), 143–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00098-0
Fang, G., & Zhang, X. (2017). Textile New Blue Ocean, Promoting the Intelligent Transformation of Traditional Industries. National Development Council. From https://www.ndc.gov.tw/nc_27_27064
Foroughi, J., Spinks, G., & Wallace, G. G. (2015). Conducting polymer fibers (pp. 31–62). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4451-45-1_14
Fraden, J. (2003). Handbook of Modern Sensors: Physics, Designs, and Applications. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19303-8
George, E. (2023, July 22). Types of Patents: 7 Steps for a Successful Patent Research Journey | Researcher.Life. https://researcher.life/blog/article/types-of-patents-7-steps-for-a-successful-patent-research-journey/
Gereffi, G., & Frederick, S. (2010). The Global Apparel Value Chain, Trade and the Crisis: Challenges and Opportunities for Developing Countries. The World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper Series.
Gereffi, G., & Frederick, S. (2010a). The Global Apparel Value Chain, Trade and the Crisis: Challenges and Opportunities for Developing Countries. The World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper Series.
Gereffi, G., & Frederick, S. (2010b). The Global Apparel Value Chain, Trade And The Crisis: Challenges And Opportunities For Developing Countries. The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-5281
Gereffi, G. (1999). International trade and industrial upgrading in the apparel commodity chain. Journal of International Economics, 48(1), 37–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1996(98)00075-0
Gereffi, G. (2005). The Global Economy: Organization, Governance, and Development. In The Handbook of Economic Sociology (pp. 160–182). https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108559423.006
Gopalakrishnan, S., & Bierly, P. (2001). Analyzing innovation adoption using a knowledge-based approach. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 18, 107–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0923-4748(01)00031-5
Gruyter, D. (2023). In Smart and Functional Textiles. De Gruyter STEM. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110759747
Heinzel, T., & Hinestroza, J. P. (2020). Revolutionary textiles: A philosophical inquiry on electronic and reactive textiles. https://doi.org/10.1162/desi_a_00574']
Herbert, K., Schrettl, S., Rowan, S., & Weder, C. (2017). 50th Anniversary Perspective: Solid-State Multistimuli, Multiresponsive Polymeric Materials. Macromolecules, 50. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01607
Heus, Henk. (2015). 10 Reasons Why Research Scientists Should Patent Search | GQ Life Sciences. From https://www.gqlifesciences.com/10-reasons-why-research-scientists-should-patent-search/
Hossain, M. T., Shahid, M. A., Limon, M. G. M., Hossain, I., & Mahmud, N. (2024). Techniques, applications, and challenges in textiles for a sustainable future. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 10(1), 100230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100230
Hou, B., Hong, J., & Zhu, R. (2019). Exploration/Exploitation Innovation and firm performance: The mediation of entrepreneurial orientation and moderation of competitive intensity. Journal of Asia Business Studies, 13. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-11-2017-0206
Huang, G., Liu, L., Wang, R., Zhang, J., Sun, X., & Peng, H. (2016). Smart color-changing textile with high contrast based on single-sided conductive fabric. J. Mater. Chem. C, 4. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TC02051H
Hughes-Riley, T., Dias, T., & Cork, C. (2018). A Historical Review of the Development of Electronic Textiles. Fibers, 6(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib6020034
IMARC Group Report. (2023). Smart Textiles Market Size, Share, Trends, Global Report 2024-2032. From https://www.imarcgroup.com/smart-textiles-market
Islam, M. R., Afroj, S., Beach, C., Islam, M. H., Parraman, C., Abdelkader, A., Casson, A. J., Novoselov, K. S., & Karim, N. (2022). Fully printed and multifunctional graphene-based wearable e-textiles for personalized healthcare applications. iScience, 25(3), 103945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.103945
Ivanoska-Dacikj, A., Oguz-Gouillart, Y., Hossain, G., Kaplan, M., Sivri, Ç., Ros-Lis, J. V., Mikucioniene, D., Munir, M. U., Kizildag, N., Unal, S., Safarik, I., Akgül, E., Yıldırım, N., Bedeloğlu, A. Ç., Ünsal, Ö. F., Herwig, G., Rossi, R. M., Wick, P., Clement, P., & Sarac, A. S. (2023). Advanced and Smart Textiles during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic: Issues, Challenges, and Innovations. Healthcare, 11(8), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11081115
Júnior, H. L. O., Neves, R. M., Monticeli, F. M., & Dall Agnol, L. (2022). Smart Fabric Textiles: Recent Advances and Challenges. Textiles, 2(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles2040034
Khramova, E., Meissner, D., & Sagieva, G. (2013). Statistical Patent Analysis Indicators as a Means of Determining Country Technological Specialisation. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2247936
Klongthong, W., Muangsin, V., Gowanit, C., & Muangsin, N. (2021). A Patent Analysis to Identify Emergent Topics and Convergence Fields: A Case Study of Chitosan. Sustainability, 13(16), Article 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169077
Kubicek, J., Fiedorova, K., Vilimek, D., Cerny, M., Penhaker, M., Janura, M., & Rosicky, J. (2022). Recent Trends, Construction, and Applications of Smart Textiles and Clothing for Monitoring of Health Activity: A Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Review. IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, 15, 36–60. https://doi.org/10.1109/RBME.2020.3043623
Kumar, N. P. (2018). Technical Textiles- Smart Future. From https://www.tuv-nord.com/in/en/blog/blog-details/article/technical-textiles-smart-future/
Laforet, S. (2011). A framework of organisational innovation and outcomes in SMEs. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 17(4), 380–408. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552551111139638
Lee, G., Kim, D., & Lee, C. (2020). A sequential pattern mining approach to identifying potential areas for business diversification. Asian Journal of Technology Innovation, 28(1), 21–41. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/19761597.2019.1693900
Lee, J., Choo, H., & Kim, H. (2021). A Study on Smart Clothing Products Based on Smart Clothing Patent Application Technology. Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, 45(1), 28–45. https://doi.org/10.5850/JKSCT.2021.45.1.28
Li, M., Porter, A. L., & Suominen, A. (2018). Insights into relationships between disruptive technology/innovation and emerging technology: A bibliometric perspective. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 129, 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.09.032
Libanori, A., Chen, G., Zhao, X., Zhou, Y., & Chen, J. (2022). Smart textiles for personalized healthcare. Nature Electronics, 5(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-022-00723-z
Meena, J. S., Choi, S. B., Jung, S.-B., & Kim, J.-W. (2022). Recent progress of Ti3C2Tx-based MXenes for fabrication of multifunctional smart textiles. Applied Materials Today, 29, 101612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2022.101612
Meena, J. S., Choi, S. B., Jung, S.-B., & Kim, J.-W. (2023). Electronic textiles: New age of wearable technology for healthcare and fitness solutions. Materials Today Bio, 19, 100565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100565
Nagrale, P. (2023). US Smart Textile Market. Market Research Future. From https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/us-smart-textile-market-13375
Nagrale, P. (2024). Smart Textile Market Share, Size, Analysis & Industry Growth 2032. From https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/smart-textile-market-5477
Nam, J. M., & Hwang, J.-H. (2021). Korea textiles reborn as eco-friendly, high-tech. KED Global. From https://www.kedglobal.com/fiber-textile/newsView/ked202112080014
Nanostitch. (2018) Antibacterial Fabrics by Nanostitch—Stay Fresh When the Heat is On. From https://www.nanostitchfabrics.com/antibacterial/
Noh, H., Song, Y.-K., & Lee, S. (2016). Identifying emerging core technologies for the future: Case study of patents published by leading telecommunication organizations. Telecommunications Policy, 40(10), 956–970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2016.04.003
OECD. (1997). Proposed Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Technological Innovation Data: Oslo Manual. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/proposed-guidelines-for-collecting-and-interpreting-technological-innovation-data_9789264192263-en
OECD. (2010). The OECD Innovation Strategy: Getting a Head Start on Tomorrow. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264083479-en
Patseer (2024, January 7). PatSeer—Advanced AI-Powered Patent Search and Analysis Software. (n.d.). From https://patseer.com/
Pavitt, K. (1988). International Patterns of Technological Accumulation. In Strategies in Global Competition (RLE International Business). Routledge.
Rijavec, T. (2010). STANDARDISATION OF SMART TEXTILES. Journal of Chemists, Technologists and Environmentalists, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.7251/JC202304065
Sajovic, I., Kert, M., & Boh Podgornik, B. (2023). Smart Textiles: A Review and Bibliometric Mapping. Applied Sciences, 13(18), Article 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810489
Schot, J., & Steinmueller, W. E. (2018). Three frames for innovation policy: R&D, systems of innovation and transformative change. Research Policy, 47(9), 1554–1567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.08.011
Sharma, K., & Mutreja, S. (2017). Smart Textile Market Size, Share, Competitive Landscape and Trend Analysis Report by Function and End User - Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2014 - 2022. Allied Market Research. From https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/smart-textile-market
Shin, S. (2017). Transforming into Fashion Firms or Multi-Country Suppliers? Accounting for Varied Firm Trajectories in the Deindustrialising Korean Apparel Industry. The Journal of Development Studies, 55, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2017.1404032
Shishoo, R. (2015). 1—Introduction to textiles in sport. In R. Shishoo (Ed.), Textiles for Sportswear (pp. 3–16). Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-229-7.00001-1
Simon, C., Potter, E., McCabe, M., & Baggerman, C. (2010). Smart Fabrics Technology Development (JSC-Cn-22058). Article JSC-Cn-22058. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20100042366
Srinivasan, R. (2008). Sources, characteristics and effects of emerging technologies: Research opportunities in innovation. Industrial Marketing Management, 37(6), 633–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2007.12.003
Syrbe, D. (2021) The Hidden Champion—Taiwan’s Unknown Lead in Functional Textiles—Swissnex. From https://nextrendsasia.org/the-hidden-champion-taiwans-unknown-lead-in-functional-textiles/
Taiwan Panorama. (2019). A “Silicon Valley” for Textiles: Taiwan’s Hidden Champions. New Southbound Policy Portal. From https://nspp.mofa.gov.tw/nsppe/nspp.mofa.gov.tw/nsppe/news.php?post=161427&unit=410&unitname=Stories&postname=A-%E2%80%9CSilicon-Valley%E2%80%9D-for-Textiles%3A-Taiwan%E2%80%99s-Hidden-Champions
Taiwan Panorama (2022). Weaving Dreams: The Present and Future of Smart Clothing. New Southbound Policy Portal. From https://nspp.mofa.gov.tw/nsppe/news.php?post=220453&unit=410&unitname=Stories&postname=Weaving-Dreams:-The-Present-and-Future-of-Smart-Clothing
Taiwan Today. (2018). From https://taiwantoday.tw/print.php?unit=8&post=129759
Tao, X. (2001). 1—Smart technology for textiles and clothing – introduction and overview. In X. Tao (Ed.), Smart Fibres, Fabrics and Clothing (pp. 1–6). Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781855737600.1
Teng, C. (2019). Clothes Are More than Just Clothing—“Smart” Textiles. Taiwan Panorama. From https://www.taiwanpanorama.com/me/Articles/Details?Guid=11a78a19-e4c4-46c4-a796-4e9f556016b1&langId=3&CatId=9
Thumm, N. (2004). Motives for patenting biotechnological inventions: An empirical investigation in Switzerland. Int. J. of Technology, 4, 275–285. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTPM.2004.006078
Tseghai, G. B., Malengier, B., Fante, K. A., Nigusse, A. B., & Van Langenhove, L. (2020). Integration of Conductive Materials with Textile Structures, an Overview. Sensors, 20(23), Article 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236910
Tushman, M., & Nadler, D. (1986). Organizing for Innovation. California Management Review, 28(3), 74–92. https://doi.org/10.2307/41165203
Van Langenhove, L., & Hertleer, C. (2004). Smart clothing: A new life. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, 16(1/2), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1108/09556220410520360
Walsh, S. T. (2004). Roadmapping a disruptive technology: A case study: The emerging microsystems and top-down nanosystems industry. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 71(1), 161–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2003.10.003
Wang, W., Yu, A., Liu, X., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhu, Y., Lei, Y., Jia, M., Zhai, J., & Wang, Z. L. (2020). Large-scale fabrication of robust textile triboelectric nanogenerators. Nano Energy, 71, 104605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104605
Xu, Q., Yu, Y., & Yu, X. (2022). Analysis of the Technological Convergence in Smart Textiles. Sustainability, 14(20), Article 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013451
Yang, K., Isaia, B., Brown, L. J. E., & Beeby, S. (2019). E-Textiles for Healthy Ageing. Sensors, 19(20), Article 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19204463
Yonhap News. (2019).“Smart Clothes” Expected to Bolster S. Korea’s Sagging Textile Industry. From https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_business/149517.html
Yoon, J., Seo, W., Coh, B.-Y., Song, I., & Lee, J.-M. (2017). Identifying product opportunities using collaborative filtering-based patent analysis. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 107, 376–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2016.04.009
Yusuf, S. (2012). Garment Suppliers Beware: The Global Garments Value Chain is Changing. International Growth Centre. https://www.theigc.org/publications/garment-suppliers-beware-global-garments-value-chain-changing
Zachmann, G., & Kalcik, R. (2018). Export and Patent Specialisation in Low-Carbon Technologies.
Zewe, A. (2022). Smart textiles sense how their users are moving. MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. From https://news.mit.edu/2022/smart-textiles-sense-movement-0707
Zhan, F., & Zhang, X. (2016). National Development Council. 國發會全球資訊網(英文網). From https://www.ndc.gov.tw/en/Content_List.aspx?n=85E9B2CDF4406753
Zhang, X. X., & Tao, X. M. (2001). Smart textiles (1): Passive smart. Textile Asia, 32, 45–48.