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In the era of rapid technological advancement, artificial intelligence (AI) technology has brought about many possibilities across various industries, including enhancing efficiency, solving problems, and creating value. In the field of education, the application of AI technology is also expanding, particularly in higher education. Generative AI models such as ChatGPT and other natural language processing models are beginning to be utilized as intelligent tutoring systems, serving as tools to enhance learning efficiency and promote self-directed learning. The application of self-determination theory is increasingly emphasized in the field of education. This theory underscores the importance of individuals' intrinsic motivation in learning, including the desire for knowledge, pursuit of achievement, and ability to stimulate interest. In the context of digital self-directed learning environments, self-determination theory holds practical significance. This study provides a clear framework for exploring the impact of ChatGPT on the learning status of university students, as well as whether its usage enhances autonomy and competence as proposed by self-determination theory, and evaluates its application effectiveness across different backgrounds, disciplines, and contexts. Through surveys on user demographics, usage status, and ChatGPT usage patterns, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the influence of ChatGPT on the learning status of university students. The results indicate that gender, academic year, and academic discipline significantly influence the effectiveness of ChatGPT usage. Males tend to perform better in understanding abstract concepts, while senior students are more inclined to use ChatGPT, with more significant effects. Differences in the application effectiveness of ChatGPT also exist among different academic disciplines. Furthermore, there is a significant correlation between usage frequency and learning emotions and stress. Higher usage frequency of ChatGPT may lead to increased confidence and sense of independence among students, possibly because ChatGPT can provide timely and effective assistance, enhancing their confidence in their learning abilities. Therefore, increasing usage frequency may help enhance students' learning effectiveness and experience, thereby affecting their academic performance and learning motivation. These findings align with the core concepts of self-determination theory, emphasizing the importance of intrinsic motivation and autonomy in learning. However, this study has some limitations, such as sample selection bias and self-reporting bias, which affect the generalizability of the results. Future research is recommended to conduct long-term tracking studies, cross-cultural comparative studies, and studies integrating teaching methods to further understand the application value of ChatGPT in education and its influencing factors.
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