本論文旨在開發具聯網及能源支撐功能，以風力切換式磁阻發電機和太陽能光伏再生能源為主之微電網。採用風力切換式磁阻發電機，主因其具結構堅固、易於啟動、高發電能力及故障容錯能力等優點。良好之發電特性係由妥適處理關鍵事務達成，包括：(i) 使用具切換彈性之非對稱橋式轉換器，採強健之磁滯電流控制脈寬調制機構及硬式飛輪模式，以降低反電動勢效應；(ii) 適當換相前移之設定，使在變動之速度與負載可穩定發電；(iii) 設置外部激磁電源；(iv) 妥善設計電壓控制器。除基本發電特性之評定外，亦探究換相移位對直流鏈電流漣波之影響，以及發電機單相故障下之容錯特性。風力發電機同時輔以由電源供應器模擬之另一太陽能光伏再生能源。

風力發電機、太陽能光伏和市電三者藉由三臂六開關可重組介面轉換器連接至共同直流匯流排。根據天氣條件和排程策略，可重組三個轉換器單元對應至三種模式，包括與兩種可再生能源及市電之連接，使微電網有穩定的能源支撐。透過適當設計之控制機構，使微電網具有良好調控之直流匯流排電壓。根據不同模式，轉換器可組合成升壓轉換器、切換式升壓整流器、變頻器等架構。除電流及電壓回授控制外，亦加入電壓前饋控制，降低輸入電壓變動之影響。在聯網場景下，可進行微電網與電網間之雙向操作，提供相互能源支援。

風力發電機和光伏之供電均不穩定，因此在微電網中建置蓄電池儲能系統，確保微電網供電可靠性。蓄電池藉由單臂雙向升降壓轉換器接至共同直流匯流排，由適當之控制，具良好之充放電特性。在相同電力電路組成上，使用絕緣閘雙極電晶體和碳化矽電晶體作為轉換器之開關元件，比較兩者之轉換效率。另外，建構三相負載變頻器，且安排線性與非線性測試負載。

The purpose of this thesis is to develop a wind switched-reluctance generator (SRG) and photovoltaic (PV) based DC microgrid with grid-connected and energy support capabilities. The wind SRG is adopted for its rigid structure, ease of starting, good capability of generating power, and fault tolerance. The satisfactory generating characteristics are yielded by suitably treating its critical issues, such as: (i) The flexible asymmetric bridge converter is employed, and the robust hysteresis current controlled PWM scheme with hard-freewheeling is applied to counteract the back electromotive force (back-EMF) effects; (ii) The appropriate receded commutation shift is set, allowing the stable generation under varying speed and load; (iii) The equipment of external excitation source; and (iv) Properly designing the voltage controller. After establishing and evaluating the basic generating characteristics of the developed wind SRG, the effects of commutation shift on the DC-link ripples and the fault-tolerant behavior under single-phase fault are also explored. The wind SRG is supplemented with another renewable PV source, which is emulated by a power supply.

The wind SRG, PV, and utility grid are interfaced to the common DC-bus using a three-leg six-switch reconfigurable interface converter. Depending on the weather conditions and the time scheduling strategy, the three converter cells can be arranged into three corresponding modes, including interfacing with two types of renewable energy and the utility grid, to provide the optimal energy supply environment. The well-regulated DC-bus voltage (400 V) is preserved by the properly designed control schemes, including current and voltage feedback controllers, and an input voltage feedforward controller in direct response to the variations of input voltages. To accommodate different modes, the converter can be configured into various architectures, including an interleaved boost converter, a one-leg boost converter, a single-phase boost switch-mode rectifier (SMR)/inverter, and a three-phase six-switch (3P6SW) boost SMR/inverter. For the grid-connected situation, the bidirectional microgrid-to-grid (M2G) and grid-to-microgrid (G2M) operations can be conducted to provide their mutual energy support.

The energy supply from the wind generator and PV is inherently variable. Thus, a battery energy storage system (BESS) is established to ensure the microgrid power supplying quality. The battery is interfaced to the common DC bus via a one-leg bidirectional boost-buck converter. Through proper control, good discharging and charging characteristics are possessed. In the schematic, both insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) and silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs are employed as the switching devices, and their comparative efficiencies are presented. In addition, a three-phase PWM load inverter is equipped as the test load. Both linear and nonlinear loads are arranged.

ABSTRACT i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
LIST OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF TABLES xix
LIST OF SYMBOLS xxii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xxxiv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.2 Literature Survey 2
A. Microgrids 2
B. Switched-reluctance Machine (SRM) 3
C. Interface DC/DC Converters and Schematic of Reconfigurable Mechanism 4
D. Switch-mode Rectifier (SMR) 5
E. Inverters 6
F. Energy Storage System (ESS) 6
1.3 Contribution of the Thesis 7
1.4 Outline of the Thesis 8
CHAPTER 2 CORE CONCEPTS OF MICROGRID SYSTEMS AND SWITCHED-RELUCTANCE MACHINES 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Microgrid System 9
2.2.1 Classification 9
A. AC Microgrid Systems 9
B. DC Microgrid Systems 10
C. Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid Systems 11
2.2.2 Control Strategies 12
A. AC Microgrid Systems 12
B. DC Microgrid Systems 13
2.2.3 Voltage Level Consideration for DC Microgrid Systems 14
2.3 Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) 15
2.3.1 Wind Generator System 15
2.3.2 Governing Equations 16
2.3.3 Commonly Used WECSs 17
2.4 Photovoltaic (PV) Systems 19
2.4.1 Governing Equations of a Single PV Cell 19
2.4.2 Characteristics of the Referent PV Modules 19
A. Current-related Temperature Coefficient 19
B. Saturation Current 20
C. Series Resistor 20
2.4.3 Effects of Temperature, Irradiance, and the Relative I-V and P-V Curves 21
2.5 Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) 22
2.6 Interface Converters 26
2.6.1 DC-DC Converters 26
A. Unidirectional DC-DC Converters 26
B. Bidirectional DC-DC Converters 27
2.6.2 Switch-mode Rectifiers (SMRs) 28
A. Single-phase SMRs 28
B. Three-phase SMRs 29
2.7 Switched-reluctance Machines (SRM) 30
2.7.1 Structural Characteristics 30
2.7.2 Operation Mode 32
2.7.3 Converters Employed for SRM 33
2.7.4 Summary 37
CHAPTER 3 DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT RESEARCH OF AN EXPERIMENTAL WIND SWITCHED-RELUCTANCE GE- NERATOR 39
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Analysis of Switched-Reluctance Generator (SRG) 39
3.2.1 Governing Equations 40
3.2.2 Operating Characteristics 41
3.3 The Developed SRG System 43
3.3.1 System Components 43
3.3.2 Digital Control Environment 44
3.3.3 Sensing and Protecting Circuits 44
A. Rotor Position Sensing and Commutation Signal-gene- rating Schemes 44
B. Current Sensing and Overcurrent Protection Circuits 45
C. Voltage Sensing Circuit 46
D. Isolated Gate Driver Circuit 47
3.4 Control Scheme 47
3.4.1 Current Control Scheme 48
3.4.2 Voltage Control Scheme 48
A. Speed-dependent Voltage Command Setting 48
B. Design of the Feedback Controller 48
C. Voltage Robust Error Cancellation Controller (VRECC) 52
3.5 Commutation Shift Scheme 53
3.5.1 SRG Generation Characteristics in Different Commutation Angles 55
A. Steady-state Characteristics 55
B. Current Ripple Analysis 61
3.5.2 Dynamic Shifting Controller (DSC) 63
3.5.3 Performance of the Developed DSC 64
3.6 Measured Results 65
3.6.1 Varying Wind Speed 65
3.6.2 Regulation Response 66
3.7 Fault-tolerant Characteristics 68
CHAPTER 4 WIND SRG AND PV BASED DC MICROGRID WITH FOLLOWED INTERLEAVED BOOST CONVERTER AND BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM 69
4.1 Introduction 69
4.2 Interleaved Boost Converter 69
4.2.1 System Configuration 69
A. System Ratings and Parameters 69
B. Energy Storage Inductor 70
C. DC Bus Filtering Capacitor 71
D. Power Devices 71
E. Digital Control Environment 71
F. Sensing Circuits 71
G. Isolated Gate Driver Circuit 71
4.2.2 Interleaving Operation 73
4.2.3 Control Schemes 75
A. Current Control Scheme 75
B. Voltage Control Scheme 77
4.2.4 Measured Results 80
A. Efficiency Characteristics 80
B. Steady-state Performance 81
C. Performance with Varying Wind Speed 82
D. Performance with Varying Load 82
4.3 Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) 83
4.3.1 System Configuration 83
A. System Ratings and Parameters 84
B. Energy Storage Inductor 84
C. Filtering Capacitors 84
D. Power Device 85
E. Battery Bank 85
4.3.2 Control Scheme 85
A. Discharging Mode 85
B. Charging Mode 89
4.3.3 Measured Results 89
A. Discharging Mode 89
B. Charging Mode 89
4.4 PV Powered DC Microgrid 91
4.4.1 System Configuration 91
A. Simulated PV Array 92
B. Energy Storage Inductor 92
C. Filtering Capacitors 92
D. Power Devices of the One-leg Boost Converter 92
4.4.2 MPPT Control Scheme 93
4.4.3 Measured Results 94
CHAPTER 5 OPERATIONS OF RECONFIGURABLE INTERFACE CONVERTER AND APPLICATIONS OF MICROGRID 97
5.1 Introduction 97
5.2 Reconfigurable Interface Converter 97
5.2.1 System Configuration 97
5.2.2 Control Schemes 98
5.2.3 Normal Case 99
A. System Composition 99
B. Measured Results 99
5.2.4 Night and Cloudy Case 103
A. System Composition 103
B. Single-phase Full-bridge Boost SMR with G2M Operation 103
C. Measured Results 111
5.2.5 Worst Case 112
A. System Composition 112
B. Three-phase Six-switch (3P6SW) Boost SMR/Inverter 113
C. Measured Results of the 3P6SW Boost SMR with G2M Operation 118
5.3 Applications of the Microgrid 119
5.3.1 M2G Operations 119
A. Single-phase Full-bridge Inverter 119
B. 3P6SW Inverter 120
5.3.2 M2H Operations 122
A. 3P6SW Load Inverter 122
B. Measured Results 123
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS 127
REFERENCES 129

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