隨著科技的不斷演進，光感測器在日常生活中變得不可或缺。光感測器是一種能夠將光訊號轉換成電訊號的一種裝置，而它們的應用範圍遍及了各個領域，包括醫療監測、光學通訊、目標檢測，以及新興領域，如自駕車、機器人和無人機等。近年來，有機鹵素鈣鈦礦（ABX3，其中A = 有機陽離子，B = 鉛原子，C =鹵素）因其擁有長電荷載子壽命、載子遷移率高、可見光波段內高吸收係數等材料特性，而在光電元件領域受到了廣泛關注。然而，儘管有機鹵素鈣鈦礦在眾多領域擁有了顯著進展，但其發展主要面臨的是有機材料中的有機陽離子部分容易受到潮濕、溫度和光的影響，容易分解，使其在長期應用上遇到了阻礙。
本研究中，我們透過了熱注入法以及氣態-液態-固態成長機制製備了CsPbBr3奈米晶體以及ZnO奈米線，光感測器則透過簡易的離心鑄造所製成，並對元件的光電性能進行了全面分析。其中，ZnO奈米線在元件中是作為載子的遷移層，促進了電子電洞對的有效分離，而CsPbBr3奈米晶體則是作為光吸收層，並透過在元件中引入金奈米顆粒以達到局域性表面電漿共振效應。
研究結果顯示，在異質接面以及局域性表面電漿共振效應的作用下， CsPbBr3奈米晶體/ZnO奈米線光感測器的偵測率以及響應度可達4.22×10^-2 A/W及1.21×10^-11 Jones，並擁有迅速的響應時間，上升及下降時間分別為34毫秒及35毫秒。此外，該光感測器在90天後仍能保持良好的穩定性。

With advancements in technology, photodetectors have evolved into mature devices capable of converting optical signals into electrical information. Their applications span various fields, including optical communication, medical monitoring, target detection, and emerging areas like autonomous vehicles, drones, and robots. Hybrid organolead halide perovskites, denoted as ABX3, A representing the organic cation, B representing Pb, and C representing halide anions, have garnered significant attention due to their material characteristics including long carrier diffusion length, strong light absorption, high carrier mobility, and the feasibility of low-temperature synthesis, rendering it highly suitable for various photoelectronic device applications. Nevertheless, the durability of these hybrid organolead halide perovskites have been a limiting factor for their long-term application in practice.
In the present study, CsPbBr3 nanocrystals were synthesized successfully using a hot injection technique, while ZnO nanowires were synthesized through the vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) method. A perovskite-based photodetector was constructed through a simple centrifugal casting technique, and its optoelectronic properties were comprehensively studied. Notably, this study marks the first fabrication of photodetectors utilizing a heterostructure composed of ZnO nanowires and inorganic halide perovskite CsPbBr3 nanocrystals, incorporating localized surface plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles. Here, ZnO nanowires act as the carrier transport layer, while CsPbBr3 nanocrystals serve as the light absorber layer.
Analysis of the device revealed a photodetector based on Au-CsPbBr3 NCs/ZnO NWs with a high responsivity of 4.22×10^-2 A/W, a detectivity of 1.21×10^-11 Jones, and rapid rise and decay times of 34 ms and 35 ms, respectively. Additionally, the proposed device possessed excellent stability in a vacuum environment after 90 days of storage.

致謝----------i
摘要----------ii
Abstract----------iii
Table of Contents----------iv
Chapter 1 Introduction----------1
1.1 Nanostructures----------1
1.1.1 Zero-Dimensional Nanostructures----------2
1.1.2 Growth Mechanisms of Nanocrystals----------3
1.1.3 One-Dimensional Nanostructures----------4
1.1.4 Vapor-Liquid-Solid (VLS) Growth Mechanism----------5
1.2 Photodetector----------7
1.2.1 Photoconductive Effect----------8
1.2.2 Photoconductor----------8
1.2.3 Photodiode----------9
1.2.4 Key Parameters for Photodetector----------10
1.3 Metal-Semiconductor Contact (MS contact)----------12
1.3.1 Schottky Contact----------13
1.3.2 Ohmic Contact----------15
1.4 Heterostructures----------16
1.5 Plasmonic Effect of Nanomaterials----------17
1.5.1 Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP)----------17
1.5.3 Mechanisms for Plasmon-Enhanced Performance----------21
1.6 Perovskite----------23
1.6.1 Properties of CsPbX3----------23
1.7 Properties of Zinc Oxide Nanowires----------25
1.8 Motivation----------27
Chapter 2 Experimental Section----------29
2.1 Experimental Equipments and Instruments----------29
2.1.1 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)----------29
2.1.2 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)----------30
2.1.3 X-ray Diffractometer (XRD)----------31
2.1.4 Probe Station and Semiconductor Characterization System----------33
2.1.5 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscope (XPS)----------34
2.1.6 Photoluminescence Spectroscope (PL)----------35
2.1.7 UV-visible Spectroscope (UV-vis)----------36
2.1.8 Electron Beam Evaporation System----------37
2.1.9 Three-zone Furnace----------38
2.2 Experimental Procedures----------40
2.2.1 Synthesis of CsPbBr3 Nanocrystals----------40
2.2.2 Synthesis of ZnO Nanowires----------41
2.2.3 Device Fabrication----------43
Chapter 3 Results and Discussion----------45
3.1 Characterization of CsPbBr3 Nanocrystals----------45
3.1.1 XRD Analysis----------45
3.1.2 TEM Analysis----------45
3.1.3 PL and UV-visible Absorption Spectra----------46
3.1.3 SEM and EDX Analyses----------47
3.2 Characterization of Au Nanoparticles----------48
3.2.1 SEM Analysis----------48
3.2.2 UV-visible Absorption Spectrum----------49
3.3 Characterization of ZnO Nanowires----------50
3.3.1 XRD Analysis----------50
3.3.2 SEM and EDX Analyses----------51
3.3.3 TEM Analysis----------53
3.3.4 UV-visible Absorption Spectrum----------53
3.4 Characterization of Devices----------54
3.4.1 Cross-section SEM Analysis----------54
3.4.2 Band Structure of CsPbBr3 NCs/ZnO NWs Heterostructure----------55
3.4.3 PL and Time-Resolved Photoluminescence (TRPL) Analyses----------56
3.5 Device Measurements----------58
3.5.1 Optoelectronic Properties of CsPbBr3 NCs Device----------58
3.5.2 Optoelectronic Properties of Au-CsPbBr3 NCs Device----------61
3.5.3 Optoelectronic Properties of CsPbBr3 NCs/ZnO NWs Device----------62
3.5.4 Optoelectronic Properties of Au- CsPbBr3 NCs/ZnO NWs Device----------64
3.5.5 Devices Performances Comparison----------66
3.5.6 Feasibility of Commercialization of the Device----------70
Chapter 4 Summary and Conclusions----------72
Chapter 5 Future Prospects----------73
5.1 Vertical Photodetector----------73
5.2 Plasmon Enhancement Based on Different LSPR Metals----------74
5.3 Measurement of EQE and NEP Parameters----------75
References----------76

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