人工智慧已經成為現代不可或缺的科技，而隨著愈發複雜且不透明的運作機制，解釋性人工智慧開始興起，強調讓人工智慧解釋推測過程的重要性。近年來，企業開始積極將其納入協作工具，期待幫助職員更有效率的完成工作，但這起變化也帶給了許多工作職員感受到前所未有的威脅感。
本研究旨在探討解釋性人工智慧和職員威脅感與使用意願間的關係，基於群際威脅理論、社會滲透理論與社會比較理論，我們調查了解釋方式對於威脅感的雙面刃效果，並創建了一模擬的AI agent互動介面，通過組間實驗法探討四種解釋方式（無解釋/特徵重要性/反事實/示例）如何影響威脅感與使用意願，並剖析其中的可能存在的心理因子。研究結果發現，透過解釋將會拉近職員和AI的心理距離，並透過增加職員對AI的感知智能、並且增加現實威脅感，而令人驚訝的是，現實威脅會對使用意願產生正向的影響。

Artificial intelligence (AI) is now an essential part of modern technology. As AI operations become more intricate and less transparent, the significance of explainable AI has grown, which emphasizes the need for AI to clarify its decision-making processes. Businesses are integrating AI into collaborative tools to boost employee efficiency, but this shift has also sparked unprecedented feelings of threat among workers.
This study explores the link between explainable AI, threat and intention to use AI. Using intergroup threat theory, social penetration theory, and social comparison theory, we investigate how explanatory approaches affect threat perception. A simulated AI agent interaction interface was created, and through a between-group experiment, we examined how four explanatory methods (none explanation/feature importance /counterfactual /example-based) influence perceived threat and intention to use AI, also uncovering potential psychological factors between threat and intention to use. The results indicate that explanations bring employees closer to AI, enhance their perceived intelligence of AI, and increase the sense of real threat. Contrary to our knowledge, the heightened sense of real threat is positively associated with an increased willingness to use AI.

1. Introduction------------------------------------------1
2. Literature Review and Hypothesis----------------------4
2.1 Explainable AI(XAI)-----------------------------------4
2.2 AI and Intergroup Threat------------------------------4
2.2.1 XAI and Intergroup Threat-----------------------------10
2.3 Mediating Effect: The Double-Edge Effect of XAI-------12
2.3.1 Psychological distance--------------------------------12
2.3.2 Perceived intelligence--------------------------------14
2.4 Intergroup Threat and Intention to Use----------------17
2.5 Moderating Effect-------------------------------------19
2.5.1 AI Literacy: The Understandability of AI Technique----19
2.5.2 AI Autonomy-------------------------------------------21
3. Methodology-------------------------------------------22
3.1 Scale Instrument--------------------------------------23
3.2 Participants------------------------------------------25
3.3 Experiment Design-------------------------------------26
3.3.1 XAI Group---------------------------------------------26
3.3.2 Scenario----------------------------------------------27
3.3.3 Simulated AI Agent Chatbot----------------------------28
3.3.4 Procedure---------------------------------------------28
4. Results-----------------------------------------------30
4.1 Measurement Model-------------------------------------30
4.2 The impact of XAI to Intergroup Threat----------------32
4.3 The impact of XAI to Psychological Distance and Perceived Intelligence--------------------------------------------------34
4.4 Structural Result-------------------------------------37
5. Discussion--------------------------------------------42
5.1 General Discussion------------------------------------42
5.2 Managerial Implication--------------------------------46
6. Limitation and Future work----------------------------47
References----------------------------------------------------49
Appendix A. Questionnaire Item--------------------------------59
Appendix B. XAI Dialogue--------------------------------------61

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