Haiti has been struggling to maintain an adequate level of agricultural productivity for the last 40 years. Albeit with limited income and resources, smallholders represent a large percentage of the total goods produced in the country. Unfortunately, they are unable to meet the crop calendar. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the factors which impact agricultural productivity and the different steps that need to be taken to curb it and make proper recommendations. The framework, Stages in the Design and Implementation of Agricultural Insurance, was used as a model on how to implement a sustainable crop insurance program in Haiti with both public and private sector participation.

List of Tables………………………………………………………………………………..……………4
List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………………………5

CHAPTER 1: Introduction………………………………………………………………….…..6
1.1 Research Gap and Research Question…………………………………………………..….8

CHAPTER 2: Background of Haiti……………………………………………………..……..11
2.1 Literature Review……………………………………………………………………...……11
2.2 Haiti: Agricultural Productivity and Challenges……………………………..…………..13
2.3 Microfinance in Haiti………………………………………………………………….……20

CHAPTER 3: Crop Insurance: Overview and Examples……………………………………24
3.1 Overview of Crop Insurance…………………………………………………….…………24
3.2 Crop Insurance and Agricultural Financing in Haiti…………………………...………..25
3.3 A Brief View of Agricultural Insurance in the Caribbean……………………...………..34
3.4 Public-Private Partnership Crop Insurance: The Case of Philippines………………….37
3.5 Agricultural Insurance Benefits……………………………………………………...……39
3.6 Agricultural Insurance and Challenges……………………………………………..…….40

CHAPTER 4: Analysis for the Implementation of an Insurance Program in Haiti…….…41
4.1 Country Analysis……………………………………………………………………………42
4.2 Reaching the Private Market………………………………………………………………48

CHAPTER 5: Recommendation and Conclusion…………………………………………….50
5.1 Recommendation……………………………………………………………………………50
5.2 Conclusion.……………………………………………...………………………….………..52

References……………………………………………………………………………………….54

Appendix………………………………………………………………………………….……..58

ADB. (2022). Testing Public–Private Partnership in Crop Insurance to Boost Filipino Farmers’ Resilience. Testing Public–Private Partnership in Crop Insurance to Boost Filipino Farmers’ Resilience | Asian Development Bank (adb.org)
Alip, A., Navarro, E., & Catibog, M. (2009). Status of Microinsurance in Southeast Asia: (The Cases of Cambodia, the Philippines and Vietnam). APRACA. mfg-en-paper-status-of-microinsurance-in-southeast-asia-the-cases-of-cambodia-the-philippines-and-vietnam-2010.pdf
Atlas Magazine. (2017). Agricultural Insurance: Products and Schemes. URL: https://www.atlas-mag.net/en/article/agricultural-insurance-products-and-schemes
Ball, V. E., Bureau, J.-C., Nehring, R., & Somwaru, A. (1997), Agricultural Productivity Revisited. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 79: 1045-1063. URL: https://doi.org/10.2307/1244263
Beaucejour, P. J. (2016). L’agriculture en Haiti. Les Classsiques des Sciences Sociales. URL: http://classiques.uqac.ca/contemporains/Beaucejour_Pierre_Jameson/Agriculture_en_Haiti/Agriculture_en_Haiti.pdf
Carballo, D. A., & Reis, L. (2013). The Agricultural Insurance Market in the Caribbean. The World Bank. World Bank Document
Ciguino, H., & Paul, B. (2016). Microfinance et Performance Financière des Microentreprises en Haïti. Étude Caribéennes. URL: Microfinance et performance financière des microentreprises en Haïti (openedition.org)
Cledo, F.(2021). Government Improves Access to Financing for Haitian Farmers. USDA. DownloadReportByFileName (usda.gov)

Dor, J. C. (2016). Exploring Agriculture Practices and Production Among Small-Scale Farmers in Haiti. ProQuest. P.1-5. URL: https://www.proquest.com/openview/31f67849b4683e9b218d4ff8f971f679/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750
Drolet, J., (2016). Developing a National Agricultural Insurance System in Haiti: Challenges of the SYFAAH Project. ShareWeb. URL: Présentation PowerPoint (shareweb.ch)

Eckstein, D., Künzel, V., & Schäfer, L. (2021). Global Climate Risk Index 2021. GermanWatch. URL: Global Climate Risk Index 2021 - World | ReliefWeb
FAO. (2017). Productivity and Efficiency Measurement in Agriculture: Literature Review and Gaps Analysis. URL: ca6428en.pdf (fao.org)
Hatch, D., Garcia, M., & Núñez, M. Developing Successful and Sustainable Agricultural Insurance Programs: Fundamental Concepts and Initials Steps. Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) Report. URL: BVE22028539i.pdf (iica.int)
Hatch, D., Núñez, M., Vila, F., & Stephenson, K. (2012). Agricultural Insurance in the Americas: A Risk Management Tool. Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) Report. URL: BVE17109279i.pdf;sequence=2 (iica.int)
IFAD. (2018). Agriculture and Forestry Technological Innovation Program (PITAG). Project Design Report March 2018. URL: chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://webapps.ifad.org/members/lapse-of-time/docs/english/EB-2018-LOT-P-5-Project-Design-Report.pdf

IGI Global. What is Agricultural Productivity? URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/use-of-mobiles-for-promoting-agriculture-in-puducherry-india/88287
Insurance Information Institute. Understanding Crop Insurance. URL: https://www.iii.org/article/understanding-crop-insurance
Joseph, R., T. (2016). La Difficile Équation du Crédit en Haïti. Challenges. URL: La difficile équation du crédit en Haïti - Challenges (challengesnews.com)
Merveille, H. (2009). Haïti : Microcrédit : Forces et Limites d'un Secteur en Plein Essor. Reliefweb. URL: Haïti : Microcrédit : forces et limites d'un secteur en plein essor - Haiti | ReliefWeb
Mikolajczyk, S., Mikulcak, F., Thompson, A., & Long, I. (2021). Unlocking Smallholder Finance For Sustainable Agriculture In Southeast Asia. WWF Germany. WWF-2021-Unlocking-Smallholder-Finance-for-Sustainable-Agriculture.pdf
Monteleone, B., Bonaccorso, B., & Martina, M. (February, 2020). A Joint Probabilistic Index for Objective Drought Identification: The Case Study of Haiti. P. 478,-479. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. URL: NHESS - A joint probabilistic index for objective drought identification: the case study of Haiti (copernicus.org)
Onogwu, G. O., Audu, I. A., & Igbodor, F. O. (2017). Factors Influencing Agricultural Productivity of Smallholder Farmers in Taraba State, Nigeria. International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research. Volume 6, Issue 1. URL: (PDF) Factors Influencing Agricultural Productivity of Smallholder Farmers in Taraba State, Nigeria (researchgate.net)
Pierre-Louis, M. D. (2022). Haitians Deserve a Rethink on International Aid. Americas Quaterly. URL: Haitians Deserve a Rethink on International Aid (americasquarterly.org)
Russo, S., Caracciolo, F., & Salvioni, C. (2022). Effects of Insurance Adoption and Risk Aversion on Agricultural Production and Technical Efficiency: A Panel Analysis for Italian Grape Growers. Economies. 10(1), 20. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10010020
Spectrum Technologies (2014). Importance of Measurement in Agriculture. URL: https://www.specmeters.com/blog/importance-of-measurement-in-agriculture/
Statista. (2022). Acreage of Sown or Harvested Land of Farm Crops in China From 1980 to 2021. URL: China: acreage of sown or harvested land of farm crops 2021 | Statista
Steckley, M. (May, 2015). Agrarian Change and Peasant Prospects in Haiti. P. 63, ResearchGate. URL: (PDF) Agrarian Change and Peasant Prospects in Haiti (researchgate.net)
Suman, S., Low Productivity of Agriculture in India (14 Causes). (n.d.). Economics Discussion. URL: Low Productivity of Agriculture in India (14 Causes) (economicsdiscussion.net)
Tellis, W. (2005). Microfinance Institutions in Transition: Fonkoze in Haiti Moves Toward Regulated Banking Status. ResearchGate. URL: (PDF) Microfinance Institutions in Transition: Fonkoze in Haiti Moves toward Regulated Banking Status (researchgate.net)
The Business Year. (2015). Dominican Republic - Agriculture. URL: https://thebusinessyear.com/interview/field-of-dreams/
The World Bank. (2019). Agricultural Financing in Haiti: Diagnosis and Recommendations. World Bank Document

US EPA. (2022). Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture and Food Supply. URL: https://www.epa.gov/climateimpacts/climate-change-impacts-agriculture-and-food-supply#:~:text=Climate%20change%20is%20expected%20to,soil%20and%20depleting%20soil%20nutrients.&text=Heavy%20rains%20can%20also%20increase,oceans%2C%20lakes%2C%20and%20streams.&text=This%20runoff%20can%20harm%20water%20quality.
USA Facts. (2020). Who is the American Farmer? URL: Who is the American farmer? - USAFacts
Valcin, R. & Uchiyama, T. (2021). Effective Farm Business Strategy for Local Commodities in Haiti: Case for Maize. Étude Caribéennes. P.16-20.
Weather Underground. Hurricane and Tropical Cyclones. URL: https://www.wunderground.com/hurricane/articles/haiti-hurricane-history
Wenner, M. (2005). Agricultural Insurance Revisited: New Developments and Perspectives in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank. URL: http://www.iadb.org/sds/
Whiteside, I., & Wardle, S. (2009). Haitian Microfinance Industry Overview. Haiti Now. https://www.haiti-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Haitian-Microfinance-Industry-Overview.pdf
World Bank Group (2022) Agriculture Finance & Agriculture Insurance. URL: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/financialsector/brief/agriculture-finance
World Bank. (2020). Resource Mobilization and the Status of funding activities Related to Land Degradation. URL: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/537621482745818202/pdf/109976-WP-Box396323B-PUBLIC-Land-Degradation-GEF-UNCCD.pdf
World Bank. (2023). The World Bank in Haiti. URL: Haiti Overview: Development news, research, data | World Bank
World Food Program. (2021). Smallholder Farmers: The Backbone of Food Security. A Regional Perspective from Southern Africa URL: https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000133644/download/?_ga=2.144847869.893599278.1681180082-810496181.1681180082
Xing, L., & Lu, K. (2010). The Importance of Public-Private Partnerships in Agricultural Insurance in China: Based on Analysis for Beijing. ELSEVIER. Vol 1. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251722163_The_Importance_of_Public-Private_Partnerships_in_Agricultural_Insurance_in_China_based_on_Analysis_for_Beijing