隨著藍芽技術的日益成熟，越來越多的藍芽應用出現在我們的日常生活中，其中廣告推播系統也逐漸嶄露頭角。此系統的目的在於分享廣告資訊並吸引附近的用戶，例如商店折扣、優惠卷等。透過這種促銷方式，可以激發人們的消費慾望，進而提高銷售業績。然而，藍芽訊號的涵蓋範圍有限，且容易受環境因素影響，進而影響廣告推播的效果。本論文提出了一個廣告轉傳系統，旨在利用此系統擴展整體服務的涵蓋範圍，以提升廣告推播的效益。其主題聚焦於在商家的BLE廣播裝置以及用戶的智慧型手機之間建立一個廣告轉傳系統。該系統採用低功率藍芽技術的廣播和掃描功能，實現商家和用戶之間的裝置在無需建立藍芽連線的情況下進行廣告分享，並透過用戶裝置的轉傳機制，廣告訊息能夠有效傳播至其他可能對廣告內容感興趣的群體，以提升廣告的曝光度。為了避免因過度轉傳而引起資源浪費的情況，後續章節將對轉傳機制進行深入探討，討論相關參數的設計與評估。最終，我們將實際在商場內運行該系統，以觀察轉傳機制所帶來的擴展效益。

With the increasing maturity of Bluetooth technology, many applications have emerged in our daily lives. Among them, Bluetooth advertisement push systems are gradually gaining prominence. Its purpose is to share advertisement information and attract nearby users, such as store discounts, coupons, etc. Using this promotional method can stimulate people’s desire to consume and consequently boost sales performance. However, the effectiveness of advertisement push notifications may be affected due to the limited coverage area and susceptibility to environmental interference of Bluetooth signals. This thesis proposes an advertisement forwarding system, aiming to use this system to extend the coverage area of the service and improve the effectiveness of advertisement push notifications. It focuses on establishing an advertisement forwarding system between the store’s BLE advertising device and the user’s smartphone. The system utilizes the advertising and scanning functions of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology to enable the sharing of advertisements between stores and users' devices without establishing a connection, and through the forwarding mechanism on the user's device, the advertisement message can effectively be disseminated to other groups that may be interested in the content, thereby increasing the exposure of the advertisement. In order to prevent excessive forwarding of advertisements, the following chapters will discuss the forwarding mechanism, as well as the design and evaluation of relevant parameters. Finally, we will implement the system in a shopping mall to observe the extended benefits of the forwarding mechanism.

致謝 II
中文摘要 III
ABSTRACT IV
CONTENTS V
LIST OF FIGURES VII
LIST OF TABLES IX
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Research Motivation and Goals 1
1.2 Research Method 2
1.3 Related Works 3
Chapter 2 General Background Information 5
2.1 The Evolution of Bluetooth 5
2.2 Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) 6
2.2.1 Physical Layer 6
2.2.2 Advertising 6
2.2.3 Scanning 10
2.3 Android Operating System 12
2.4 ESP32-DevKitC Development Board 15
Chapter 3 System Design 17
3.1 System Architecture 17
3.2 Advertising/ Forwarding Service 18
3.3 Scanning Service 20
3.4 Design of the Application 21
3.4.1 Overview 21
3.4.2 Design of the Store Side Application 21
3.4.3 Design of the User Side Application 22
3.5 Forwarding Parameters Evaluation 24
3.5.1 Overview 24
3.5.2 Packet Loss Rate 26
3.5.2.1 ESP32 Development Board 26
3.5.2.2 Packet Loss Rate Evaluation 28
3.5.3 Forwarding Time Threshold Evaluation 29
3.5.4 Forwarding RSSI Threshold Evaluation 30
3.5.4.1 Received RSSI Value Distribution 30
3.5.4.2 Area Calculation 34
3.5.4.3 Forwarding RSSI Threshold Calculation 37
Chapter 4 Practical Applications of the Proposed Architecture 45
4.1 Overview 45
4.2 Practical Applications in the Shopping Mall 46
Chapter 5 Application Implementation 50
5.1 Store Side 50
5.2 User Side 51
Chapter 6 Conclusion 54
References 55

[1]Bluetooth SIG, “Bluetooth Market Update 2022,” [Online]. Available: https://www.bluetooth.com/2022-market-update/ [Accessed: Dec.11, 2023].
[2]A. Dementyev, S. Hodges, S. Taylor, and J. Smith, “Power consumption analysis of Bluetooth low energy, ZigBee and ANT sensor nodes in a cyclic sleep scenario,” in Proc. IEEE International Wireless Symposium (IWS), Beijing, China, Apr. 2013, pp. 1–4.
[3]N. Kajikawa, Y. Minami, E. Kohno and Y. Kakuda, “On availability and energy consumption of the fast connection establishment method by using Bluetooth classic and Bluetooth low energy,” in Proc. IEEE 2016 4th International Symposium on Computing and Networking (CANDAR), 2016, pp. 286-290.
[4]Y. Minami, R. Saka, E. Kohno, and Y. Kakuda, “On the effect of BLE beacons on fast Bluetooth connection establishment scheme,” in Proc. IEEE 2019 7th International Symposium on Computing and Networking Workshops (CANDARW), 2019, pp. 28-32.
[5]H. Ishizaki, E. Kohno, and Y. Kakuda, “On the Suppression of Loops with Long Hops During Scatternet Configuration in Bluetooth MANETs,” in Proc. IEEE 2021 9th International Symposium on Computing and Networking Workshops (CANDARW), 2021, pp. 35-41.
[6]W. Bronzi, R. Frank, G. Castignani and T. Engel, “Bluetooth low energy performance and robustness analysis for inter-vehicular communications,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 37, pp. 76-86, Feb. 2016.
[7]筆記國度, “高雄燈會 LINE Beacon 體驗紀錄,” [Online]. Available: https://taichunmin.idv.tw/blog/2022-02-24-line-beacon.html [Accessed: Dec.13, 2023].
[8]12CM Taiwan 睿鼎數位, “LINE Beacon 導客發傳單,” [Online]. Available: https://www.12cm.com.tw/line-beacon/ [Accessed: Dec.13, 2023].
[9]P. Spachos, K. N. Plataniotis, “BLE Beacons for Indoor Positioning at an Interactive IoT-Based Smart Museum,” in Proc. IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 14, no.3, pp. 3483-3493, Feb. 2020.
[10]P. C. Ng; J. She; S. Park, “Notify-and-interact: A beacon-smartphone interaction for user engagement in galleries,” in Proc IEEE 2017 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), pp. 1069-1074, July. 2017.
[11]Wikipedia contributors, “Bluetooth,” [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth [Accessed: Dec.13, 2023].
[12]NovelBits, “How Bluetooth Low Energy Works: Advertisements (Part 1)”
[Online]. Available: https://novelbits.io/bluetooth-low-energy-advertisements-part-1/ [Accessed: Dec.13, 2023].
[13]Counterpoint, “Global Smartphone Shipments Market Data,” [Online]. Available: https://www.counterpointresearch.com/insights/global-smartphone-share/ [Accessed: Dec.13, 2023].
[14]Android developers, “Platform architecture,” [Online]. Available: https://developer.android.com/guide/platform [Accessed: Dec.13, 2023].
[15]Android developers, “Application fundamentals,” [Online]. Available: https://developer.android.com/guide/components/fundamentals [Accessed: Dec.13, 2023].
[16]Espressif, “ESP32,” [Online]. Available: https://www.espressif.com/en/products/socs/esp32. [Accessed: Dec.13, 2023].
[17]Android developers, “Advertise Settings,” [Online]. Available: https://developer.android.com/reference/android/bluetooth/le/AdvertiseSettings [Accessed: Dec.13, 2023].
[18]Android developers, “ScanSettings,” [Online]. Available: https://developer.android.com/reference/android/bluetooth/le/ScanSettings [Accessed: Dec.13, 2023].
[19]Android Developers, “ScanFilter,” [Online]. Available: https://developer.android.com/reference/android/bluetooth/le/ScanFilter. [Accessed: Dec.13, 2023].
[20]Medical News Today, “What is the average walking speed,” [Online]. Available: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/average-walking-speed [Accessed: Dec.13, 2023].
[21]F. Alves, S. Cruz, A. Ribeiro, A. B. Silva, J. Martins and I. Cunha, “Walkability Index for Elderly Health: A Proposal,” Sustainability 2020.
[22]Y. R. Tsai, Y. C. Chen, “Opportunistic Connectionless Undirected Information Dissemination Based on Bluetooth Low Energy Advertising Technology on Smartphones,” in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 155851-155860, Nov. 2021.
[23]Y. C. Chen, “Implementation of Connectionless Message Exchange Systems for Android-based Smartphone Based on Bluetooth Low Energy Technology,” M.S thesis, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 2020.