本論文旨在開發一具聯網及插入式電池補充功能之蓄電池/超電容供電電動機車表面貼磁式永磁同步馬達驅動系統。在行進模式，馬達驅動系統之直流鏈電壓由具各自介面轉換器之蓄電池及超電容所建立。在插入模式下，可進行電網至車輛之充電操作，且所開發之插入式能源收集裝置可納收可能之電源對車載電池進行輔助充電。
首先建構固定直流鏈電壓碳化矽變頻器供電之表面貼磁式永磁同步馬達驅動系統。先構配必要之轉子位置與電樞電流感測機構，以行馬達之向量控制。內控制迴路採用電流控制空間向量脈寬調制切換架構，而外迴路則採用速度和轉矩控制，進行操作特性比較評估。此外，直流鏈上配設一動態剎車臂，以避免直流鏈過壓。
接著開發具可變直流鏈電壓之蓄電池/超電容混合供電馬達驅動系統，可升壓及變壓之直流鏈能提升馬達在廣速度範圍之驅動性能及效率。此外，功率型儲能裝置超電容可協助電池之快充/快放操作。藉由所提之功率管理策略，獲得良好之蓄電池與超電容之暫態電流分配特性。
於閒置插入模式，所開發之電動車驅動系統實行聯網隔離充電操作。電力電路包含馬達驅動系統既有元件建構之單相升壓切換式整流器、隔離半橋CLLC諧振轉換器以及蓄電池介面轉換器。實際結果顯示，具有良好的充電性能以及入電品質。於插入模式下，為有效利用可收集之電源，車載電池亦可經所提能源收集裝置進行輔助充電。以維也納切換式整流器作為基礎電路架構，由妥善之電路與控制架構安排，可納收之可能電源含：三相交流電源/單相交流電源及直流電源。

This thesis develops a battery/supercapacitor (SC) powered electric scooter (E-scooter) surface-mounted permanent-magnet synchronous motor (SPMSM) drive with grid- connected and plug-in auxiliary charging functions. In driving mode, the motor drive DC-link is established by battery and SC with individual interface converter. In plug-in mode, the grid-to-vehicle (G2V) isolated charging operation can be made. And a plug-in energy harvester (PEH) is developed to accept possible various sources to auxiliarily charging the on-board battery.
First, the fixed DC-link voltage SiC-based inverter fed SPMSM drive is established as the basic platform. The necessary rotor position and armature current sensing schemes are designed for realizing vector control. In inner control loop, the current controlled space-vector pulse-width modulation (SVPWM) switching scheme is adopted. As to the outer control loop, both speed and torque controls are made and comparatively evaluated. The detailed designs of all constituted controllers are presented. Moreover, a dynamic braking leg is equipped to prevent the DC-link over-voltage.
Next, the battery/SC hybrid source powered motor drive with varied DC-link voltage is developed. The boosted and variable DC-link voltage is established to improve the motor driving performance and energy conversion efficiency over wide speed range. The power type storage device SC can assist the battery in quick discharging/charging operations. With the proposed power management strategy, the transient currents of the battery and the SC can be properly distributed.
In idle plug-in mode, the isolated grid-to-vehicle (G2V) charging operation is achieved using the embedded motor drive components. The power circuit includes a single-phase boost switch-mode rectifier (SMR) formed by armature winding as energy storage inductor, an isolated half-bridge CLLC (HBCLLC) resonant converter and the battery interface converter in buck mode. Good charging performance and power quality in line input utility grid are obtained. In plug-in mode, the on-board battery auxiliary charging can also be made via the proposed PEH to effectively utilize the accessible sources. The Vienna SMR schematic is employed to construct the developed PEH. Through proper circuit and control scheme arrangements, the possible input sources include three-phase AC, single-phase AC and DC sources.

ABSTRACT (i)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (ii)
LIST OF CONTENTS (iii)
LIST OF FIGURES (vii)
LIST OF TABLES (xvi)
LIST OF SYMBOLS (xvii)
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS (xxvii)

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION (1)
1.1 Motivation (1)
1.2 Literature Survey (1)
1.3 Contributions of this Thesis (3)
1.4 Organizations of this Thesis (4)

CHAPTER 2 OVERVIEW OF SOME TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND PERMANET-MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS (6)
2.1 Introduction (6)
2.2 Overview of Electric Vehicles (6)
2.2.1 Classifications (6)
2.2.2 Power Control Units (8)
2.3 Energy Storage Devices (9)
2.3.1 Battery (10)
2.3.2 Supercapacitor (11)
2.3.3 Possible Interconnected Schematics of Battery and SC (11)
2.4 Introduction of Grid-connected Operation of EV (12)
2.5 Interface Converters (14)
2.5.1 DC-DC Converters (14)
2.5.2 AC-DC Converters (16)
2.5.3 SPWM Inverters (18)
2.6 Introduction of PMSM Drive (20)
2.6.1 Some Key Issues of an EV PMSM Drive (20)
2.6.2 Motor Structures (20)
2.6.3 Physical Modeling (21)
2.6.4 Estimation of Equivalent Circuit Model Parameters (24)
2.7 Digital Control System (26)
2.7.1 Sample Interval Selection (26)
2.7.2 Design of Control Algorithm (26)

CHAPTER 3 E-SCOOTER SPMSM DRIVE WITH FIXED DC-LINK VOLTAGE (29)
3.1 Introduction (29)
3.2 System Configuration (29)
3.3 Power Circuit (29)
3.4 DSP-based Digital Control Environment (31)
3.4.1 Sensing and Interfacing Circuits (31)
3.4.2 The Employed DSP (33)
3.4.3 Control Flowcharts (33)
3.5 Control Schemes (35)
3.6 Performance Evaluation Under Speed Mode (40)
3.6.1 Speed Dynamic Responses (41)
3.6.2 Acceleration/Deceleration Characteristics (41)
3.6.3 State-steady Characteristics (42)
3.6.4 Reversible Operation (43)
3.6.5 Programmed Speed Pattern Evaluation (43)
3.7 Energy Conversion Efficiency Assessment (45)
3.8 Performance Evaluation Under Torque Mode (51)
3.8.1 Torque Command Tracking (51)
3.8.2 Reversible Operation Under Torque Mode (51)

CHAPTER 4 BATTERY/SC POWERED E-SCOOTER PMSM DRIVE (53)
4.1 Introduction (53)
4.2 System Configuration and Functional Description (53)
4.2.1 System Configuration (53)
4.2.2 Functional Description (53)
4.3 Battery Interface DC-DC Converter (55)
4.3.1 Power Circuit (56)
4.3.2 Control Schemes (57)
4.3.3 Discharging Performance Evaluation (65)
4.3.4 Efficiency Measurement (66)
4.4 Performance Evaluation of the Established E-scooter SPMSM Drive (67)
4.4.1 Battery Only with Fixed DC-link Voltage (67)
4.4.2 Battery Only with Varied DC-link Voltage (72)
4.5 SC Interface DC-DC Converter (75)
4.5.1 Estimated Equivalent Circuit Parameter of SC (76)
4.5.2 Power Circuit (78)
4.5.3 Control Schemes (78)
4.6 Battery/SC Powered E-scooter SPMSM Drive (83)
4.6.1 Hybrid Energy Operation Management (83)
4.6.2 Experimental Verification (86)

CHAPTER 5 G2V BATTERY CHARGING OPERATION (88)
5.1 Introduction (88)
5.2 System Configuration (88)
5.3 Half-bridge CLLC Resonant DC-DC Converter (89)
5.3.1 Operation Principle (89)
5.3.2 Design of System Components (93)
5.3.3 Control Strategy (96)
5.3.4 Measured Results (97)
5.4 G2V Charging Operation (100)
5.4.1 System Configurations (100)
5.4.2 Single-phase Full-bridge Boost SMR (101)
5.4.3 Experimental Results (104)

CHAPTER 6 PLUG-IN ENERGY HARVESTER (109)
6.1 Introduction (109)
6.2 Plug-in Energy Harvester with Three-phase AC Input (109)
6.2.1 Circuit Operation of Vienna SMR (110)
6.2.2 Equivalent Circuit (113)
6.2.3 Power Circuit Components (114)
6.2.4 Control Schemes (116)
6.2.5 Simulation Results (118)
6.2.6 Measured Results (118)
6.3 Plug-in Energy Harvester with Single-phase AC Input (121)
6.3.1 Circuit Operation (121)
6.3.2 Power Circuit (122)
6.3.3 Control Schemes (123)
6.3.4 Measured Results (123)
6.4 Plug-in Energy Harvester with DC Input (124)

CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS (127)
REFERENCES (129)

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