本論文開發一風力內置磁石式永磁同步發電機為主之直流微電網，並從事微電網與電網及微電網與車輛之互聯操控。所研究之發電機以變頻供電內置磁石式永磁同步馬達驅動，在速度模式下做為傳統發電機之渦輪機。在轉矩模式下，以所設計之轉矩-速度與功率-速度曲線，成為忠實之風渦輪機模擬器，利於風力發電研究。
所建微電網之共同直流鏈電壓由發電機後接之三相T型維也納切換式整流器建立，在定速模式下，由所設計單週期控制、電壓平衡控制以及強健電壓控制，獲得升壓且穩健之直流鏈電壓。在轉矩模式下，應用擾動觀察法對風渦輪機驅動之發電機進行最大功率點追縱控制，以確保在任何負載下皆可淬取最大風能。最後也針對發電機發生故障下，所開發維也納切換式整流器之容錯操作性能測試。
接著建構一雙向併網變頻器，以施行微電網與電網間之雙向操作。微電網可傳送預設之實功及虛功功率至電網；當微電網能源不足時也能由電網提供能源支撐。由於風能不可測及不穩定，所建微電網設有蓄電池及超電容之混合儲能系統，改善電能供應品質。兩儲能裝置各經一雙向升-降壓轉換器介接至共同匯流排。
此外，為更有效利用微電網，本論文亦從事微電網與車輛之互聯操作。所用配備含一CLLC諧振轉換器作為微電網與電動車間之隔離，以及一單臂雙向升-降壓轉換器從事電動車電池之充放電操控。所有電力轉換均係全數位化控制，並以實測結果展現操控性能。

This thesis develops a wind interior permanent-magnet synchronous generator (IPMSG) based DC microgrid and performs its grid-connected and vehicle-connected operations. The studied generator is driven by an emulator inverter-fed interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drive. In constant speed mode, it can function as a conventional turbine. In torque mode, by designing torque-speed and power-speed curves, it can faithfully simulate the characteristics of the WTE, facilitating wind power research.
In the developed microgrid, the common DC-bus voltage is established by the wind IPMSG via the followed three-phase T-type Vienna boost switch-mode rectifier (SMR). In constant speed mode, the Vienna SMR boosted and well-regulated output voltage is yielded by applying one-cycle control (OCC), voltage balancing control and robust voltage control. In torque mode, the generator driven by the wind turbine is subject to maximum power point tracking (MPPT) through the perturb and observe (P&O) method to ensure the extraction of maximum wind energy under any load conditions. Finally, fault-tolerant testing was conducted on the developed Vienna SMR in the event of generator failure.
Next, a bidirectional grid-connected inverter is developed to achieve microgrid-to- grid (M2G) and grid-to-microgrid (G2M) bidirectional operations. The microgrid can send active and/or reactive powers to the utility grid, and accept energy support from the utility grid when the microgrid energy is insufficient. Due to the unpredictable nature of wind energy, a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) consisting of battery and super-capacitor (SC) is equipped to improve the power supplying quality. The one-leg bidirectional boost/buck converters are used as their interface converter.
In addition, the interconnected operation between microgrid and electric vehicle is conducted. The constituted schematics include CLLC resonant converter for isolation and a one-leg boost/buck EV battery for charging/discharging operation controls. All the power converters developed in this thesis are implemented digitally. And the operating characteristics are verified by measured results.

ABSTRACT i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
LIST OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF TABLES xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xxvii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Motivation and Purposes 1
1.2 Literature Review 1
A. Microgrids 1
B. Wind Generator Systems 2
C. IPMSM Drives 2
D. Switch-mode Rectifiers (SMRs) 2
E. Inverters 3
F. Energy Storage Systems 3
G. DC/DC Converters 3
1.3 Organizations of this Thesis 4
CHAPTER 2 OVERVIEW OF MICROGRIDS AND PERMANENT-MAGNET SYSNCHRONOUS MACHINES 6
2.1 Introduction 6
2.2 Microgrids 6
2.3 Wind Power Generator System 7
A. Wind Turbine Structures 7
B. Power Generating Characteristics of Wind Turbine 7
C. Power Characteristics and MPPT 11
D. Typical Wind Generators 12
2.4 Synchronous Machines 13
A. Motor Structures 13
B. Governing Equations 14
C. Measurement of PMSM Key Parameters 17
2.5 Energy Storage Devices 19
A. Battery 19
B. Super-capacitor (SC) 19
2.6 Interface Converters 20
A. DC/DC Converters 20
B. Three-phase SMRs 21
CHAPTER 3 THE DEVELOPED WIND TURBINE EMULATOR 23
3.1 Introduction 23
3.2 Establishment of IPMSM Drive 23
A. Power Stage 23
B. Digital Control Environment 23
C. Sensing Circuits 26
D. Control Schemes 26
3.3 Experimental Evaluation of the Established IPMSM Drive 30
A. Steady-state Characteristics 30
B. Speed and Current Responses 30
3.4 Development of WTE 32
A. System Configuration 32
B. Torque Controller 33
C. Modeling of Wind Turbine Characteristics 34
D. Measured Results of the Developed WTE 36
CHAPTER 4 WIND IPMSG BASED DC MICROGRID 39
4.1 Introduction 39
4.2 The Developed Wind IPMSG System 39
A. System Configuration 39
B. Circuit Operation 40
C. Single-phase Equivalent Circuit Analysis 44
D. Power Circuit Components Design 45
E. Sensing Circuits 47
4.3 Control Scheme 48
A. Current Control Scheme 48
B. Voltage Control Scheme 49
C. Voltage Balancing Control Scheme 52
4.4 Experimental Evaluation for Turbine Emulator Driven Fixed-voltage IPMSG 52
A. Steady-state Characteristic 52
B. Dynamic Response 52
C. Voltage Balancing Control 54
D. Efficiency Assessment 55
4.5 Maximum Power Point Tracking Control of the Wind Turbine Emulator Driven IPMSG 56
A. MPPT Control Algorithms 56
B. Control Scheme 56
C. Measured Results 58
4.6 Fault-tolerant Operation 61
A. IPMSG with Single-phase AC Input 61
B. Circuit Operation 62
C. Power Circuit Components 63
D. Control Schemes 64
E. Measured Results 64
CHAPTER 5 BIDIRECTIONAL GRID-CONNECTED INVERTER AND HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM 67
5.1 Introduction 67
5.2 Bidirectional Grid-connected Inverter 68
5.2.1 Power Circuit 68
A. Circuit Operation 68
B. Power Circuit Design 70
5.2.2 M2G Mode 72
A. System Configuration 72
B. Phase Locked Loop Mechanism 73
C. Current Control Scheme 74
D. Experimental Evaluation 76
5.2.3 G2M Mode 78
A. System Configuration 78
B. Voltage Control Scheme 79
C. Experimental Evaluation 80
5.3 Hybrid Energy Storage System 82
5.3.1 Energy Storage Devices 82
A. The Employed Battery 82
B. The Employed Super-capacitor 82
5.3.2 Battery Interface Converter 82
A. Power Circuit Components 83
B. Control Schemes 84
C. Experimental Evaluation 90
5.3.3 SC Interface Converter 92
A. System Configuration 92
B. Power Circuit Components 93
C. Control Schemes 95
D. Experimental Evaluation 95
CHAPTER 6 OVERALL SYSTEM OPERATION OF THE ESTABLISHED DC MICROGRID 98
6.1 Introduction 98
6.2 System Components 98
6.3 Experimental Evaluation of the Established DC Microgrid 99
A. M2G Operation 99
B. Microgrid Battery Charging 101
C. G2M Operation 101
6.4 Wind Energy Shortage Scenarios 102
A. Wind IPMSG + HESS 102
B. Wind IPMSG + Grid-connected Inverter 102
6.5 Half-bridge CLLC Resonant Converter and M2V/V2M Operations 104
6.5.1 Half-bridge CLLC Resonant Converter 104
A. System Configuration 104
B. Operation Principle 105
C. Design of High Frequency Transformer 109
D. Control Scheme 110
E. Experimental Evaluation 111
6.5.2 M2V/V2M Operation 113
A. System Configuration 113
B. Experimental Evaluation 114
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION 116
REFERENCES 117

A. Microgrids
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B. Wind Generator Systems
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IPMSGs:
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Wind turbine emulators:
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Maximum power point tracking controls:
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C.IPMSM Drives
Physical modeling of IPMSM and analysis:
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Speed controls:
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Torque controls:
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Current controls:
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Commutation shift controls:
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D. Switch-mode Rectifiers
AC/DC converter:
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One-cycle control (OCC):
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E. Inverters
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Dead-time effect compensation:
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F. Energy Storage Systems
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G. DC/DC Converters
Typical DC/DC converters:
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Isolated converters:
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H. Others
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