本論文旨在開發開關式磁阻馬達驅動之風渦輪機模擬器，及風力永磁同步發電機為主之雙極性直流微電網。首先，建構使用非對稱橋式轉換器之基本開關式磁阻馬達驅動系統，妥適設計轉子位置感測機構、換相機構、磁滯電流控制脈寬調制機構、及速度控制機構、獲得正常之操作及性能。為再增強馬達於廣速度範圍之驅動性能，採用換相移位及增壓控制，降低馬達繞組反電動勢之影響。在轉矩模式下，所開發風渦輪機模擬器可產出忠實之轉矩-速度及功率-速度特性曲線。在速度模式下，所開發之馬達驅動系統亦可作為傳統之定速渦輪機。
接著，為使馬達驅動系統由市電供電，考量本文所使用開關式磁阻馬達屬於低壓電機，使用所研製之瑞士降壓切換式整流器，採用比例積分控制器搭配鎖相迴路控制，建立馬達驅動系統合適之直流鏈電壓，同時也針對此整流器固有之輸入電流失真提出改善方案。
第三，開關式磁阻馬達帶動之風力永磁同步發電機，後接維也納整流器建立雙極性電壓之直流匯流排。採用單週期控制，在風力發電機所生變動之輸出電壓及頻率輸出下，具優良功率因數矯正功能及快速電壓動態調控響應特性，無需輸入電壓感測及複雜之乘法運算。進一步針對風渦輪機模擬器驅動之風力發電機，採用擾動觀察法進行最大功率點追蹤控制，擷取最大風能。
最後，於維也納整流器建立之雙極性直流匯流排，建構一單相三線負載變頻器。提供三種模式：(i) 微電網至家用負載模式，變頻器輸出單相220V/110V 60Hz電壓源，供給家用負載；(ii) 微電網至市電模式，將預設功率傳輸至市電；(iii) 市電至微電網模式，當風力發電量受限時，電網可對微電網提供能源支撐。控制方面採用比例諧振控制器，以獲得良好弦波電壓命令追控，於聯網模式加入奇次諧波電流比例諧振控制器，抑制奇次諧波影響並改善電力品質。

關鍵詞：微電網、風力發電機、風渦輪機模擬機、切換式磁阻馬達、永磁同步發電機、瑞士降壓切換式整流器、維也納整流器、最大功率點追蹤、雙極性直流微電網、單週期控制、負載變頻器、控制、微電網至電網、電網至微電網。

This thesis is emphasized on the development of switched reluctance motor (SRM) driven wind turbine emulator (WTE) and wind surface-mounted permanent-magnet synchronous generator (SPMSG) based bipolar DC microgrid. First, the basic SRM drive with asymmetric bridge converter is constructed. With the properly designed rotor position sensing scheme, commutation scheme, hysteresis current-controlled pulse-width modula- tion (HCCPWM) scheme and speed control scheme, normal operation and driving performance are achieved. To further enhance the performance, the commutation shifting and the voltage boosting approaches are employed to meet a wide range of operating conditions. In the torque mode, the developed wind turbine emulator accurately reproduces the designed turbine torque-speed and power-speed characteristic curves. In the speed mode, the developed motor drive can also simulate the operation of conventional fixed- speed turbines.
Next, the SRM drive is supplied by the utility grid. Considering that the SRM used in this thesis is a low-voltage (48V) machine, the Swiss buck switch-mode rectifier (SMR) is adopted. The basic proportional-integral (PI) controller with phase-locked loop (PLL) control is implemented to establish the appropriate DC-link voltage for the motor drive. Additionally, a solution is proposed to reduce the inherent input current distortion possessed by the Swiss SMR.
Thirdly, the SRM WTE driven wind SPMSG with Vienna SMR is constructed and used to establish the microgrid bipolar DC bus. The one-cycle control (OCC) is employed in the Vienna SMR control scheme, which provides power factor correction (PFC) and fast dynamic response characteristics. It eliminates the need for AC input voltage sensing and complex multiplication operations, making it suitable for handling the variable output voltage and frequency generated by the generator. Regarding the operation of driving the wind SPMSG using the wind turbine emulator, the perturb and observe (P&O) method is employed for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control. This control approach enables the system to accurately track the maximum power point, allowing for the extraction of the maximum wind energy for efficient energy conversion.
Finally, a single-phase three-wire (1P3W) load inverter/SMR is constructed on the bipolar DC bus established by the Vienna SMR. Three operation modes are provided: (i) microgrid-to-home (M2H) mode, the microgrid supplies power to household appliances by utilizing a 1P3W load inverter to provide single-phase 220V/110V 60Hz utility-grade; (ii) microgrid-to-grid (M2G) mode, transferring the preset power to the utility grid; (iii) grid-to-microgrid (G2M) mode, providing energy support to the microgrid when wind power generation is limited. Proportional-resonant (PR) controller is employed for control, ensuring good sinusoidal voltage command tracking characteristics. In the grid-connected mode, odd-harmonic proportional resonant controllers are added to suppress the impact of odd harmonics and improve power quality.

Key words: Microgrid, wind generator, WTE, SRM, PMSG, Swiss SMR, Vienna SMR, MPPT, bipolar DC microgrid, OCC, load inverter, control, M2G, G2M.

LIST OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
LIST OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATION xvi
LIST OF SYMBOLS xx
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 2 OVERVIEW OF SOME TECHNOLOGIES 6
2.1 Introduction 6
2.2 Microgrids and Wind Generators 6
2.2.1 Microgrids 6
2.2.2 Wind Generator System 8
2.3 Switched Reluctance Motor 13
2.3.1 Motor Structure 13
2.3.2 Governing Equations 14
2.3.3 SRM Converters 15
2.3.4 Some Key Issues of SRM Drive 18
2.4 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor 19
2.4.1 Motor Structure 19
2.4.2 Governing Equations 21
2.4.3 Measurement of Motor Parameters 23
2.4.4 Key Issues of Wind PMSG 26
2.5 Switch-mode Rectifiers 26
2.6 DSP-based Experiment Environment 28
2.6.1 Sensing and Interfacing Circuits 28
2.6.2 Digital Signal Processor and Peripherals 30
CHAPTER 3 SWITCHED-RELUCTANCE MOTOR DRIVE BASED WIND TURBINE EMULATOR 32
3.1 Introduction 32
3.2 System Configuration 32
3.3 Control Scheme 33
3.3.1 Current Controller 33
3.3.2 Speed Control Mode for Conventional Turbine Emulator 34
3.3.3 Torque Control Mode for WTE 38
3.4 Measured Results 42
3.4.1 Current and Speed Tracking Characteristics 42
3.4.2 Commutation Shifting 45
3.4.3 Voltage Boosting 47
3.4.4 WTE Validation 49
CHAPTER 4 SWISS BUCK SMR FED SWITCHED-RELUCTANCE MOTOR DRIVEN WIND TURBINE EMULATOR 50
4.1 Introduction 50
4.2 Development of Swiss Buck SMR 50
4.2.1 Power Circuit 51
4.2.2 Circuit Operation 54
4.2.3 Control Scheme 57
4.3 Experimental Performance Evaluation 68
4.4 Swiss SMR Powered Wind Turbine Emulator 72
4.4.1 Steady-State Characteristic 72
4.4.2 Dynamic Response 73
4.4.3 Wind Turbine Emulator Operating Characteristics 73
CHAPTER 5 THE DEVELOPED GRID-CONNECTED BIPOLAR DC MICROGRID 75
5.1 Introduction 75
5.2 System Configuration of the Developed Microgrid 75
5.3 Wind SPMSG with Vienna SMR 75
5.3.1 Power Circuit 77
5.3.2 Control Scheme 85
5.3.3 Experimental Evaluation of Voltage Control Mode 88
5.3.4 Maximum Power Point Tracking Control of the Wind Turbine Emulator Driven SPMSG System 92
5.4 Single-phase Three-wire Load Inverter/SMR 97
5.4.1 Half-bridge Inverter 97
5.4.2 Full-bridge Inverter 100
5.5 M2H Operation via 1P3W Inverter 101
5.5.1 Control Scheme 101
5.5.2 Experimental Evaluation 105
5.6 M2G Operation via 1P3W Inverter 110
5.6.1 Control Scheme 110
5.6.2 Experimental Evaluation 111
5.7 G2M Operation via 1P3W SMR 114
5.7.1 Control Scheme 114
5.7.2 Experimental Evaluation 114
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS 118
REFERENCES 120

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C. Switched-reluctance Motor
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[71] X. Deng, B. Mecrow, H. Wu, R. Martin, and Y. Gai, “Cost-effective and high-efficiency variable-speed switched reluctance drives with ring-connected winding configuration,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 120-129, March 2019.
D. AC/DC Front-end Converter
Single-phase SMR:
[72] V. M. Rao, A. K. Jain, K. K. Reddy, and A. Behal, “Experimental comparison of digital implementations of single-phase PFC controllers,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 67-78, Jan. 2008.
[73] F. Musavi, W. Eberle and W. G. Dunford, “A high-performance single-phase bridgeless interleaved PFC converter for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle battery chargers,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 1833-1843, July-Aug. 2011.
[74] M. Pahlevaninezhad, P. Das, J. Drobnik, P. K. Jain, and A. Bakhshai, “A ZVS interleaved boost AC/DC converter used in plug-in electric vehicles,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 3513-3529, Aug. 2012.
[75] F. Musavi, M. Edington, W. Eberle, and W. G. Dunford, “Evaluation and efficiency comparison of front end AC-DC plug-in hybrid charger topologies,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 413-421, March 2012.
[76] C. Marxgut, F. Krismer, D. Bortis, and J. W. Kolar, “Ultraflat interleaved triangular current mode (TCM) single-phase PFC rectifier,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 873-882, Feb. 2014.
[77] Z. Chen, P. Davari, and H. Wang, “Single-phase bridgeless PFC topology derivation and performance benchmarking,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 9238-9250, Sept. 2020.
Three-phase SMR:
[78] J. W. Kolar and T. Friedli, “The essence of three-phase PFC rectifier systems,” in Proc. IEEE NTELEC, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2011, pp. 1-27.
[79] J. W. Kolar and T. Friedli, “The essence of three-phase PFC rectifier systems - part I,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 176-198, Jan. 2013.
[80] T. Friedli, M. Hartmann, and J. W. Kolar, “The essence of three-phase PFC rectifier systems - part II,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 543-560, Feb. 2014.
[81] R. N. Beres, X. Wang, M. Liserre, F. Blaabjerg, and C. L. Bak, “A review of passive power filters for three-phase grid-connected voltage-source converters,” IEEE Trans. Emerg. Sel. Topics in Power Electron., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 54-69, March 2016.
Swiss Buck SMR:
[82] T. B. Soeiro, T. Friedli and J. W. Kolar, “Swiss rectifier — A novel three-phase buck-type PFC topology for electric vehicle battery charging,” in Proc. IEEE PEC, Orlando, FL, USA, 2012, pp. 2617-2624.
[83] T. B. Soeiro, T. Friedli and J. W. Kolar, “Design and implementation of a three-phase buck-type third harmonic current injection PFC rectifier SR,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 1608-1621, April 2013.
[84] L. Schrittwieser, M. Leibl, M. Haider, F. Thöny, J. W. Kolar, and T. B. Soeiro, “99.3% efficient three-phase buck-type all-SiC Swiss rectifier for DC distribution systems,” IEEE Tran. Power Electron., vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 126-140, Jan. 2019.
Proportional-integral Controller:
[85] R. S. Rebeiro and M. N. Uddin, “Performance analysis of an FLC-based online adaptation of both hysteresis and PI controllers for IPMSM drive,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 12-19, Jan.-Feb. 2012.
[86] R. Errouissi, A. Al-Durra and S. M. Muyeen, “Experimental validation of a novel PI speed controller for AC motor drives with improved transient performances,” IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 1414-1421, July 2018.
[87] F. Tajaddodianfar, S. O. R. Moheimani and J. N. Randall, “Scanning tunneling microscope control: a self-tuning PI controller based on online local barrier height estimation,” IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol., vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 2004-2015, Sept. 2019.
Control Strategies for Improving Input Current Distortion:
[88] L. Schrittwieser, J. W. Kolar and T. B. Soeiro, “Novel Swiss rectifier modulation scheme preventing input current distortions at sector boundaries,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 5771-5785, July 2017.
[89] R. Chen, Y. Yao, L. Zhao, and M. Xu, “Inhibiting mains current distortion for SWISS Rectifier - a three-phase buck-type harmonic current injection PFC converter,” in Proc. IEEE APEC, Charlotte, NC, USA, 2015, pp. 1850-1854.
E. Maximum Power Point Tracking Strategy
[90] E. Koutroulis and K. Kalaitzakis, “Design of a maximum power tracking system for wind-energy-conversion applications,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 486-494, April 2006.
[91] S. M. R. Kazmi, H. Goto, H. Guo, and O. Ichinokura, “A novel algorithm for fast and efficient speed-sensorless maximum power point tracking in wind energy conversion systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 29-36, Jan. 2011.
[92] E. A. Amon, T. K. A. Brekken and A. A. Schacher, “Maximum power point tracking for ocean wave energy conversion,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 1079-1086, May-June 2012.
[93] Y. Xia, K. H. Ahmed, and B. W. Williams, “Wind turbine power coefficient analysis of a new maximum power point tracking technique,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 1122-1132, March 2013.
[94] A. Sangwongwanich and F. Blaabjerg, “Mitigation of interharmonics in PV systems with maximum power point tracking modification,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 8279-8282, Sept. 2019.
F. Vienna SMR
[95] J. W. Kolar, H. Ertl, and F. C. Zach, “Design and experimental investigation of a three- phase high power density high efficiency unity power factor PWM (VIENNA) rectifier employing a novel integrated power semiconductor module,” in Proc. IEEE APEC, 1996, vol.2, pp. 514-523.
[96] J. W. Kolar and F. C. Zach, “A novel three-phase utility interface minimizing line current harmonics of high-power telecommunications rectifier modules,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 456-467, Aug. 1997.
[97] R. Burgos, R. Lai, Y. Pei, F. Wang, D. Boroyevich, and J. Pou, “Space vector modulator for Vienna-type rectifiers based on the equivalence between two and three-level converters: a carrier-based implementation,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 1888-1898, July 2008.
[98] R. Lai, F. Wang, R. Burgos, D. Boroyevich, D. Jiang, and D. Zhang, “Vienna-type rectifiers considering the DC-link voltage balance,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 2509-2522, Nov. 2009.
[99] J. Lee, K. Lee, and F. Blaabjerg, “Predictive control with discrete space-vector modulation of Vienna rectifier for driving PMSG of wind turbine systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 12368-12383, Dec. 2019.
Fault Tolerance:
[100] U. Choi, K. Lee, and F. Blaabjerg, “Diagnosis and tolerant strategy of an open-switch fault for T-type three-level inverter systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 495-508, Jan.-Feb. 2014.
[101] C. Cecati, A. O. Di Tommaso, F. Genduso, R. Miceli, and G. Ricco Galluzzo, “Comprehensive modeling and experimental testing of fault detection and management of a nonredundant fault-tolerant VSI,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 3945-3954, June 2015.
[102] U. Choi, J. Lee, F. Blaabjerg, and K. Lee, “Open-circuit fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control for a grid-connected NPC inverter,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 31, no. 10, pp. 7234-7247, Oct. 2016.
One-cycle Control:
[103] C. Qiao, T. Jin and K. M. Smedley, “One-cycle control of three-phase active power filter with vector operation,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 455-463, April 2004.
[104] G. Chen and K. M. Smedley, “Steady-State and dynamic study of one-cycle-controlled three-phase power-factor correction,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 355-362, April 2005.
[105] Y. Tang, P. C. Loh, P. Wang, and F. H. Choo, “One-cycle-controlled three-phase PWM rectifiers with improved regulation under unbalanced and distorted input-voltage conditions,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 2786-2796, Nov. 2010.
[106] N. Femia, D. Granozio, G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, and M. Vitelli, “Optimized one-cycle control in photovoltaic grid connected applications,” IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst., vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 954-972, July 2006.
G. Load Inverter and Microgrid Application
Virtual Inertia:
[107] M. Kayikci and J. V. Milanovic, “Dynamic contribution of DFIG-based wind plants to system frequency disturbances,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 859-867, May 2009.
[108] G. Delille, B. Francois, and G. Malarange, “Dynamic frequency control support by energy storage to reduce the impact of wind and solar generation on isolated power system's inertia,” IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 931-939, Oct. 2012.
[109] M. F. M. Arani and E. F. El-Saadany, “Implementing virtual inertia in DFIG-based wind power generation,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 1373-1384, May 2013.
[110] J. Fang, H. Li, Y. Tang, and F. Blaabjerg, “On the inertia of future more-electronics power systems,” IEEE Tran. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 2130-2146, Dec. 2019.
[111] T. Kerdphol, F. S. Rahman, M. Watanabe, Y. Mitani, D. Turschner and H. P. Beck, “Enhanced virtual inertia control based on derivative technique to emulate simultaneous inertia and damping properties for microgrid frequency regulation,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 14422-14433, 2019.
1P3W Load Inverter/SMR:
[112] R. I. Bojoi, L. R. Limongi, D. Roiu, and A. Tenconi, “Enhanced power quality control strategy for single-phase inverters in distributed generation systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 798-806, March 2011.
[113] S. Kouro, J. I. Leon, D. Vinnikov, and L. G. Franquelo, “Grid-connected photovoltaic systems: an overview of recent research and emerging PV converter technology,” IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 47-61, March 2015.
[114] I. Serban, “Power decoupling method for single-phase H-bridge inverters with no additional power electronics,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 4805-4813, Aug. 2015.
[115] Y. Yang, K. Zhou and F. Blaabjerg, “Current harmonics from single-phase grid-connected inverters—examination and suppression,” IEEE Trans. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 221-233, March 2016.
[116] V. Purba, B. B. Johnson, M. Rodriguez, S. Jafarpour, F. Bullo, and S. V. Dhople, “Reduced-order aggregate model for parallel-connected single-phase inverters,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 824-837, June 2019.
M2H Operation:
[117] E. Rodriguez-Diaz, J. C. Vasquez, and J. M. Guerrero, “Intelligent DC homes in future sustainable energy systems: when efficiency and intelligence work together,” IEEE Consum. Electron. Mag., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 74-80, Jan. 2016.
[118] F. Luo, G. Ranzi, S. Wang, and Z. Y. Dong, “Hierarchical energy management system for home microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid., vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 5536-5546, Sept. 2019.
[119] A. Ahmad and J. Y. Khan, “Roof-top stand-alone PV micro-grid: a joint real-time BES management, load scheduling and energy procurement from a peaker generator,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 3895-3909, July 2019.
M2G Operation:
[120] J. M. Guerrero, J. C. Vasquez, J. Matas, L. G. de Vicuna, and M. Castilla, “Hierarchical control of droop-controlled AC and DC microgrids - a general approach toward standardization,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 158-172, Jan. 2011.
[121] R. H. Lasseter, “Smart distribution: coupled microgrids,” in Proc. IEEE, vol. 99, no. 6, pp. 1074-1082, June 2011.
[122] A. Q. Huang, M. L. Crow, G. T. Heydt, J. P. Zheng, and S. J. Dale, “The future renewable electric energy delivery and management (FREEDM) system: the energy internet,” in Proc. IEEE, vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 133-148, Jan. 2011.
[123] H. Ali, A. Hussain, V. H. Bui, and H. M. Kim, “Consensus algorithm-based distributed operation of microgrids during grid-connected and islanded modes,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 78151-78165, 2020
G2M Operation:
[124] J. M. Sohn, “Generation applications package for combined heat power in on-grid and off-grid microgrid energy management system,” IEEE Access, vol. 4, pp. 3444-3453, 2016.
[125] H. S. Ko, M. S. Jang, K. S. Ryu, D. J. Kim, and B. K. Kim, “Supervisory power quality control scheme for a grid-off microgrid,” IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1003-1010, July 2018.
[126] S. D'silva, M. Shadmand, S. Bayhan, and H. Abu-Rub, “Towards grid of microgrids: seamless transition between grid-connected and islanded modes of operation,” IEEE J. Electron. Soc., vol. 1, pp. 66-81, 2020.
H. Grid Synchronization
Three-phase PLL:
[127] P. Rodriguez, J. Pou, J. Bergas, J. I. Candela, R. P. Burgos, and D. Boroyevich, “Decoupled double synchronous reference frame PLL for power converters control,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 584-592, March 2007.
[128] F. Liccardo, P. Marino and G. Raimondo, “Robust and fast three-phase PLL tracking system,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 221-231, Jan. 2011.
[129] Q. Zhong, P. Nguyen, Z. Ma, and W. Sheng, “Self-synchronized synchronverters: inverters without a dedicated synchronization unit,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 617-630, Feb. 2014.
[130] M. Mirhosseini, J. Pou, V. G. Agelidis, E. Robles, and S. Ceballos, “A three-phase frequency-adaptive phase-locked loop for independent single-phase operation,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 6255-6259, Dec. 2014.
[131] H. Wu and X. Wang, “Design-oriented transient stability analysis of PLL-synchronized voltage-source converters,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 3573-3589, April 2020.
Second Order Generalized Integrator:
[132] M. Ciobotaru, R. Teodorescu, and F. Blaabjerg, “A new single-phase PLL structure based on second order generalized integrator,” in Proc. IEEE PESC, 2006.
[133] P. Rodríguez, A. Luna, R. S. Muñoz-Aguilar, I. Etxeberria-Otadui, R. Teodorescu, and F. Blaabjerg, “A stationary reference frame grid synchronization system for three-phase grid-connected power converters under adverse grid conditions,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 99-112, Jan. 2012.
[134] S. Golestan, J. M. Guerrero, F. Musavi, and J. C. Vasquez, “Single-phase frequency-locked loops: a comprehensive review,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 11791- 11812, Dec. 2019.
[135] A. Sahoo, J. Ravishankar and C. Jones, “Phase-locked loop independent second-order generalized integrator for single-phase grid synchronization,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 70, pp. 1-9, 2021.
Proportional-resonant Controller:
[136] A. Vidal, F. D. Freijedo, A. G. Yepes, P. F. Comesaña, J. Malvar, Ó. López, and J. D. Gandoy, “Assessment and optimization of the transient response of proportional-resonant current controllers for distributed power generation systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 1367-1383, April 2013.
[137] A. Kuperman, “Proportional-resonant current controllers design based on desired transient performance,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 5341-5345, Oct. 2015.
[138] K. Seifi and M. Moallem, “An adaptive PR controller for synchronizing grid-connected inverters,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 2034-2043, March 2019.
[139] F. Hans, W. Schumacher, S. F. Chou, and X. Wang, “Design of multifrequency proportional–resonant current controllers for voltage-source converters,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 13573-13589, Dec. 2020.