本研究針對20 kVA三相三線高低頻互補換流器進行深入探討，旨在降低開關元件選擇成本和難度，並解決三相之間的耦合問題。我們提出「解耦合直接數位控制」方法和漣波補償技術，有效減少低頻漣波對電網的影響。
根據研究結果顯示，在低頻換流器的切換頻率為6 kHz，功率分配為16 kVA，以及高頻換流器的切換頻率為48 kHz，功率分配為4 kVA的設定下，我們成功證明漣波補償技術對輸出電流的總諧波失真率有效控制。根據IEEE STD 519-2014的要求，我們的研究結果顯示總諧波失真率小於5％。同時，通過調整實功和虛功的輸出功率，成功實現了對輸出電流的有效控制，確保其符合電網功率因數為1的要求。
這一技術的應用潛力廣泛，尤其適用於太陽能發電系統併入電網的場景。我們的研究成果具有重要意義，能夠實現高性能且低成本的多功能轉換器。同時，我們的研究為未來龐大的能源需求，提供了解決方案，對於實現高功率轉換器，降低成本和提高效能具有重要價值。
總體來說，我們的研究成果對於推動電力轉換技術發展、促進可再生能源的可持續利用具有重要意義。未來研究和應用領域可以參考我們提出的「解耦合直接數位控制」方法和漣波補償技術。
本研究主要貢獻為：(1) 實作一部20 kVA三相三線高低頻互補併網型換流器；(2) 推導漣波補償公式，驗證漣波補償法之理論可行性；(3) 在高低頻互補換流器，實現實功和虛功的調整。

This research focuses on a 20 kVA three-phase three-wire hybrid frequency inverter, reducing the cost and difficulty associated with component selection, as well as addressing coupling issues among the three phases. We propose a decoupling direct digital control method with a division-summation process and ripple compensation techniques to effectively mitigate the impact of low-frequency ripple on the power grid.
The research results show that with a switching frequency of 6 kHz for the low-frequency inverter of 16 kVA, and a switching frequency of 48 kHz for the high-frequency inverter of 4 kVA, we successfully demonstrate the effective control of total harmonic distortion in the output current through ripple compensation techniques. According to the requirements of IEEE STD 519-2014, our research results illustrate that the total harmonic distortion is less than 5%, complying with the regulation. Furthermore, by adjusting the output real and reactive power, we successfully achieve effective control of the output current, ensuring the compliance with a power factor of unity.
This technology has wide-range applications, especially in the scenarios where solar power generation systems are connected to the grid. Our research findings are highly significant as they enable the realization of high-performance and cost-effective multifunctional inverters. Moreover, our research provides a solution for future high-power conversion requirements, with the important value in terms of cost reduction and efficiency improvement.
In summary, our research findings are of great significance in promoting the development of power conversion technology and facilitating the sustainable utilization of renewable energy. Future research and applications can refer to the proposed decoupling direct digital control method with a division-summation process and ripple compensation techniques.
The main contributions of this research are as follows: (1) implementation of a 20 kVA three-phase three-wire hybrid frequency grid-connected inverter; (2) derivation of ripple compensation formulas to verify the feasibility of ripple compensation methods; (3) realization of adjustment for real power and reactive power in the hybrid frequency inverter.

目錄
摘要 i
Abstract iii
誌謝 v
目錄 vii
圖目錄 xi
表目錄 xv
第 一 章 緒論 1
1-1 研究背景與動機 1
1-2 文獻回顧 2
1-2-1 單模組換流器 3
(1) 三相三線半橋式換流器 3
(2) 三相四線半橋式換流器 3
(3) 三相三線全橋式換流器 4
(4) 三相四線全橋式換流器 4
1-2-2 多模組換流器 6
(1) 相位交錯並聯換流器 6
(2) 多階層模組化換流器 6
1-2-3 換流器濾波器 7
(1) LC濾波器 7
(2) LCL濾波器 8
(3) LLCL濾波器 8
1-2-4 換流器控制法 9
(1) 比例積分微分控制 9
(2) 模糊控制 10
(3) 重複控制 11
(4) 無拍差控制 11
(5) 解耦合直接數位控制 12
1-3 論文大綱 13
第 二 章 系統架構與控制法則 15
2-1 高低頻互補換流器系統架構 15
2-2 三相解耦合直接數位控制 16
2-2-1 低頻換流器解耦合直接數位控制 16
2-2-2 高頻換流器解耦合直接數位控制 22
2-3 漣波消除演算法 22
第 三 章 系統周邊電路 27
3-1 輔助電源 27
3-1-1 30 W單組輸出開關電源RS-35-24 29
3-1-2 60 W超寬輸入導軌型電源WDR-60-24 29
3-1-3 模塊封裝電源供應器 30
3-2 開關驅動電路 30
3-2-1 緩衝器SN74LVC244A 31
3-2-2 開關驅動電源 32
3-2-3 開關驅動IC 32
3-3 電壓/電流回授電路 34
3-3-1 直流鏈電壓 34
3-3-2 濾波電容電壓 35
3-3-3 電感電流 37
3-4 保護電路 39
3-4-1 過壓/過流保護 39
3-4-2 電壓箝位電路 40
3-4-3 輔助電源偵測 40
3-4-4 電網斷開電路 41
3-4-5 緊急開關 42
第 四 章 韌體架構與控制流程 43
4-1 載波同步機制 43
4-2 低頻換流器 46
4-2-1 主程式流程規劃 46
4-2-2 中斷副程式控制流程規劃 48
4-3 高頻換流器 50
4-3-1 主程式流程規劃 50
4-3-2 中斷副程式控制流程規劃 51
4-4 高低頻換流器並聯流程規劃 52
第 五 章 系統參數設計與穩定度分析 55
5-1 系統參數設計 55
5-1-1 LCL濾波器設計 55
5-1-2 換流器規格與元件參數 56
5-2 穩定度分析 58
5-2-1 電流追蹤能力分析 59
5-2-2 穩定度分析 61
第 六 章 實務考量與損耗分析 63
6-1 實務考量 63
6-1-1 電感值變化 63
6-1-2 類比/數位取樣延遲 65
6-1-3 怠滯時間限制 67
6-2 損耗分析 68
6-2-1 電感損耗 68
(1) 銅損 68
(2) 鐵損 69
6-2-2 功率開關損耗 72
(1) 開關導通損耗 72
(2) 開關切換損耗 73
6-2-3 總損耗與效率 74
第 七 章 模擬與實測結果 75
7-1 Matlab/Simulink模擬架構 75
7-2 模擬與實測波形 77
7-2-1 純實功輸出 77
(1) Matlab/Simulink模擬波形 77
(2) 實測波形 79
7-2-2 虛功補償–功因超前 84
(1) Matlab/Simulink模擬波形 84
(2) 實測波形 86
7-2-3 虛功補償–功因落後 90
(1) Matlab/Simulink模擬波形 90
(2) 實測波形 92
第 八 章 結論與未來研究方向 97
8-1 結論 97
8-2 未來研究方向 98
(1) 提升功率 98
(2) 多模組並聯 98
(3) 無線同步 98
參考文獻 99


 

參考文獻
[1] M. B. de Rossiter Correa, C. B. Jacobina, E. R. C. da Silva, and A. M. N. Lima, “A General PWM Strategy for Four-Switch Three-Phase Inverters”, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 1618–1627, Nov. 2006.
[2] A. Mohd, E. Ortjohann, N. Hamsic, W. Sinsukthavorn, M. Lingemann, A. Schmelter, and D. Morton, “Control Strategy and Space Vector Modulation for Three-Leg Four-Wire Voltage Source Inverters Under Unbalanced Load Conditions”, IET Power Electron, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 323-333, May 2010.
[3] Y. Chen and K. Smedley, “Parallel Operation of One-Cycle Controlled Three-Phase PFC Rectifiers,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 54, No.6, pp. 3217-3224, Nov 2007.
[4] M. Rivera, V. Yaramasu, A. Llor, J. Rodriguez, B. Wu, and M. Fadel, “Digital Predictive Current Control of a Three-Phase Four-Leg Inverter”, IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics, Vol. 60, No. 11, pp. 4903-4932, Sep 2012.
[5] L. Asiminoaei, E. Aeloiza, P. Enjeti, and F. Blaabjerg, “Shunt Active-Power-Filter Topology Based on Parallel Interleaved Inverters”, IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics, Vol.55, No.3, pp. 1175-1189, Mar 2008.
[6] B. Cougo, T. A. Meynard and G. Gateau “Parallel Three-Phase Inverters: Optimal PWM Method for Flux Reduction in Intercell Transformers”, IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, Vol.26, No.8, pp. 2184–2191, Jan 2011.
[7] J. Rodriguez, J.¬¬¬¬-S. Lai and F.-Z. Peng, “Multilevel Inverters: A Survey of Topologies, Controls, and Applications”, IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics, Vol.49, No.4, pp. 724-738 , Aug 2022.
[8] S. Kouro, M. Malinowski, K. Gopakumar, J. Pou, L. G. Franquelo, Bin Wu, J. Rodriguez, M. A. Perez, and J. I. Leon, “Recent Advances and Industrial Applications of Multilevel Converters”, IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics, Vol. 57, No. 8, pp. 2553–2580, Jun. 2010.
[9] P. Cortes, G. Ortiz, J. I. Yuz, J. Rodriguez, S. Vazquez, and L. G. Franquelo, “Model Predictive Control of an Inverter With Output LC Filter for UPS Applications”, IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics, Vol. 56, No. 6, pp. 1875-1883, Feb. 2009.
[10] J. He, J. Y. Choi and Y. Li, “Generalized Closed-Loop Control Schemes with Embedded Virtual Impedances for Voltage Source Converters with LC or LCL Filters”, IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 1850–1861, Sep. 2011.
[11] IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems, IEEE Std 519™-2014, March 2014.
[12] Y. Tang, P. C. Loh, P. Wang, F. H. Choo, and F. Gao, “Exploring Inherent Damping Characteristic of LCL-Filters for Three-Phase Grid-Connected Voltage Source Inverters”, IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 1433–1443, July 2011.
[13] C. Rech, H. Pinheiro, H. A. Grundling, H. L. Hey, and J. R. Pinheiro, “Analysis and Design of a Repetitive Rredictive-PID Controller for PWM Inverters’’, 2001 IEEE 32nd Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37230), Jun. 2001 .
[14] Q. He and S. D. Garveg, “To Automatically Select PID Structures for Various Electrical Drive Applications,” IEE Colloquium on Getting the Best Our of PID in Machine Control, pp. 1-4, October 1996.
[15] S. K. Valluru et al, “Design of Multi-Loop L-PID and NL-PID Controllers: An Experimental Validation,” 2018 2nd IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES), pp. 1-4, October 2018.
[16] G. R. Yu and J. S. Wei, “Fuzzy Control of a Bi-Directional Inverter with Nonlinear Inductance for DC Microgrids”, 2011 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE 2011), Jun. 2011.
[17] G. R. Yu and J. S. Wei, “Fuzzy Control of a Bi-directional Inverter with Nonlinear Inductance for DC Microgrids,” 2011 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE 2011), pp. 1-5, June 2011.
[18] T. L. Pan and Z. C. Ji, “On Fuzzy Controller of Three-level DC/DC Inverter,” 2007 Chinese Control Conference, pp.1-3, July 2007.
[19] K. Zhang, Y. Kang, J. Xiong, and J. Chen, “Direct Repetitive Control of SPWM Inverter for UPS Purpose”, IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 784-792, May 2003.
[20] P. Mattavelli, “An Improved Deadbeat Control for UPS Using Disturbance Observers”, IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 206-212, Feb. 2005.
[21] J. Kang, S. Yang, W. Xia, and S. Wang, “An Improved Deadbeat Control Strategy for Photovoltaic Grid-Connected Inverter Based on Unipolar & Frequency Multiplication SPWM and Its Implementation,” 2014 International Power Electronics and Application Conference and Exposition, pp. 1-4, November 2014.
[22] T.-F. Wu, Y.-H. Huang, Y.-T. Liu, and M. Misra, “Decoupled Direct Digital Control with D-Σ Process and Average Common-Mode Voltage Model for 3Φ3W LCL Converters,” 2019 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), pp. 1-6, March 2019.
[23] C. A. Rabbath and N. Léchevin, “Discrete-Time ControlSystem Design with Applications,” New York, NY: Springer-Verlag New York, June 2014.
[24] C. L. Phillips, H. T. Nagle and A. Chakrabortty,“Digital Control System Analysis & Design,” Harlow Essex England: Pearson Education Limited, 2015.
[25] T.-F. Wu, T. Sakavov and Y.-H. Huang, “Current Ripple Compensation Algorithm for Paralleled Three-Phase Three-Wire Hybrid Frequency Inverter Systems,” 2021 IEEE 12th International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG), pp. 1-5, July 2021.
[26] D. Jiang and F. Wang,“Current-Ripple Prediction for Three-Phase PWM Converters,”IEEE Trans. Industry Applications, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 531-538, June 2013.
[27] D. Jiang and F. Wang, "Variable Switching Frequency PWM for Three-Phase Converters Based on Current Ripple Prediction," IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 4951-4961, Nov. 2013.\
[28] Mean Well, RS-35 series, February 2022.
[29] Mean Well, WDR-60 series, March 2022.
[30] Mean Well, SCWN03 & DCWN03 series, May 2022.
[31] Mean Well, SCW05 series, March 2018.
[32] Mean Well, DCW05 series, January 2018.
[33] Texas Instruments, SN74LVC244A Octal Buffer or Driver With 3-State Outputs, October 2020.
[34] Mean Well, SPBW03 & DPBW03 series, June 2022.
[35] Mean Well, SPBW06 & DPBW06 series, May 2022.
[36] STMicroelectronics, L79 datasheet, January 2019.
[37] Infineon, 1EDI EiceDRIVER™ Compact - Separate Output Variant for MOSFET, Rev. 2.0, July 2015.
[38] LEM, Current Transducer LA 100-P, November 2018.
[39] LEM, Current Transducer LA 55-P, August 2022.
[40] Renesas Technology, RX71M Group, Rev.1.10, October 2010.
[41] A. Reznik, M. G. Simões, A. Al-Durra and S. M. Muyeen, "LCL Filter Design and Performance Analysis for Grid-Interconnected Systems," IEEE Trans. Industry Applications, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 1225-1232, March-April 2014, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2013.2274612.
[42] CREE, C3M0021120K datasheet, July 2019.
[43] AID ELECTRONICS CORPORATION, BDP Type .
[44] AID ELECTRONICS CORPORATION, ADP Type .
[45] CHENG TUNG, Motor Run-Fan Capacitor .
[46] Chang Sung Corporation, CH740060GT, September 2020 .
[47] Chang Sung Corporation, Magnetic Powder Cores, October 2015.
[48] C. H. Houpis, ‎S. N. Sheldon and ‎J. J. D'Azzo. (2003). Linear Control System Analysis and Design with MATLAB®, Fifth Edition, Chapter 16, Marcel Decker, Inc.
[49] T. -F. Wu, Y. -H. Huang and Y. -T. Liu, "3Φ4W Grid-Connected Hybrid-Frequency Parallel Inverter System With Ripple Compensation to Achieve Fast Response and Low Current Distortion," IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics, vol. 68, no. 11, pp. 10890-10901
[50] J. Sun, "Impedance-Based Stability Criterion for Grid-Connected Inverters," IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 3075-3078, Nov. 2011.\
[51] JD Auspice Corporation, AWG_SizeChart
[52] H.-J. Chen, Power Losses of Silicon Carbide MOSFET in HVDC Application, University of Pittsburgh, 2012