本研究旨在開發出具高催化性之固體觸媒材料，以透過非均相催化方式來合成碳酸酯化合物。我們使用X光繞射儀(XRD)、掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)、比表面積與孔徑分析儀(BET)、高解析電子能譜儀(XPS)、以及化學吸附分析儀進行觸媒材料性質之相輔式鑑定。在第一部分中，我們使用二氧化鈰作為非均相觸媒，以催化丙二醇(PG)與二氧化碳(CO2)之羧化反應(carboxylation)來合成出環狀碳酸丙烯酯(PC)。為此我們分別以高壓反應釜(Autoclave)以及通入二氧化碳之常壓半批次(Semi-batch)反應器進行測試。並在不加入除水劑的情況下以雙溶劑系統進行測試，最終成功在合成出碳酸丙烯酯的同時維持其高選擇率(>99.9%)。同時，我們亦發現在沒有溶劑存在下，過量的觸媒(> 5%)將會促進副產物的二丙二醇的催化。
在第二部分中，我們以銅為基礎製備出多種固體觸媒，以催化醇類(甲醇、正丁醇、丙二醇)與一氧化碳(CO，可由CO2還原獲得)之氧化羰基化反應(oxidative carbonylation)，同時選用高壓反應釜來研究觸媒在不同反應條件及觸媒製備條件下的反應性。我們透過共沉澱法及含浸法製備出多種的純銅觸媒及複合式銅/二氧化鈰觸媒，並系統性地探討了反應溫度、溶劑及共觸媒(醋酸鈉及碘化鉀)對純銅觸媒及銅/二氧化鈰觸媒之影響，以確定最佳的反應條件，即在100°C下使用2.0 g的丙二醇混合8.0 g的溶劑，同時加入0.02 g的醋酸鈉及0.02 g的碘化鉀。其中在以含浸法所製備的銅/二氧化鈰觸媒催化時反應展現出高達94.7%的碳酸丙烯酯選擇率。此項研究有助於未來在工業化規模上進行二氧化碳之再利用製程。

In this work, we aim to develop solid catalysts, and use heterogeneous catalytic route to synthesize carbonate ester. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscometer (XPS), and gas adsorption analyzer were used for complementary characterization of catalyst material properties. In the first part, cerium dioxide was used as the solid catalysts to catalyze the carboxylation of propylene glycol (PG) with carbon dioxide (CO2) to propylene carbonate (PC). Reaction was conducted with the high-pressure autoclave and the semi-batch reactor with CO2 flow. Additionally, tests were carried out using a dual-solvent system without the addition of a dehydrating agent, successfully achieving a high selectivity (>99.9%) of PC.
In the second part, various copper-based solid catalysts were prepared to catalyze the oxidative carbonylation of alcohols (methanol, 1-butanol, and PG) with carbon monoxide (CO, can be produced from CO2 reduction). Additionally, we employed the autoclave to investigate the reactivity of the catalyst under different reaction conditions and catalyst preparation methods. Various types of copper and composite copper/ceria catalysts are prepared by coprecipitation or impregnation method. Reaction temperature and the roles of sodium acetate (SA) and potassium iodide (KI) additives are systematically studied with pure copper to map out the optimum reaction condition, i.e., a 100 °C-reaction using 2.0 g of PG mixed with 8.0 g of solvent with 0.02 g of SA and 0.02 g of KI additives. Using this optimized condition, the copper/ceria catalyst prepared by the impregnation method exhibited the highest selectivity of 94.7% towards PC. These findings in this study should pave way for the development of practical industrial scale CO2 utilization processes.

摘要--------------------I
Abstract--------------------II
目錄--------------------III
圖目錄--------------------V
表目錄--------------------VII
第一章 緒論--------------------1
1.1 前言--------------------1
1.1.1 碳的捕捉與封存技術--------------------2
1.1.2 碳的捕捉與再利用技術--------------------3
1.2 碳酸酯類的基本介紹與應用--------------------4
1.2.1 二烷基碳酸酯--------------------5
1.2.2 環狀碳酸酯--------------------6
1.3 透過可再生反應途徑合成碳酸酯--------------------7
1.3.1 透過羧化反應直接利用二氧化碳合成碳酸酯--------------------9
1.3.2 透過氧化羰基化反應間接利用二氧化碳合成碳酸酯--------------------11
1.4 透過固體觸媒以非均相催化合成碳酸酯--------------------12
1.4.1 羧化反應--------------------13
1.4.2 氧化羰基化反應--------------------14
1.5 研究目的--------------------15
第二章 實驗方法及儀器--------------------17
2.1 實驗藥品--------------------17
2.2 以共沉澱法製備金屬/金屬氧化物觸媒--------------------20
2.3 分析儀器介紹--------------------22
2.3.1 掃描式電子顯微鏡 (Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM)--------------------22
2.3.2 X光繞射儀 (X-ray diffraction, XRD)--------------------23
2.3.3 比表面積與孔隙度分析儀 (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, BET)--------------------24
2.3.4 氣相層析質譜儀 (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, GC-MS)--------------------25
2.3.5 高解析電子能譜儀 (High resolution X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer, HR-XPS)--------------------26
2.3.6 化學吸附分析儀 (Gas Sorption Analyzer)--------------------27
2.3.7 卡爾費雪水分測定儀 (Karl Fischer titrator, KF titrator)--------------------29
2.4 複合式固體觸媒活性與穩定性測試--------------------30
2.4.1 二氧化碳之羧化反應測試系統--------------------30
2.4.2 氧化羰基化反應測試系統--------------------33
2.4.3 產物分析與計算--------------------35
第三章 結果與討論--------------------41
3.1 以二氧化鈰為基礎之固體觸媒催化丙二醇進行羧化反應--------------------42
3.1.1 材料分析--------------------42
3.1.2 鹼度分析--------------------46
3.1.3 丙二醇的羧化反應之活性測試--------------------49
3.2 以銅為基礎之固體觸媒催化醇類進行氧化羰基化反應--------------------62
3.2.1 材料分析--------------------62
3.2.2 氧化羰基化反應之活性測試--------------------73
第四章 結論--------------------88
第五章 未來展望--------------------90
第六章 參考文獻--------------------92

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