本研究致力於研究離子照射對聚二甲基矽氧烷(PDMS)表面的影響，並了解表面性質的改變對擴散動力學及缺陷動力學的影響。我們使用頻率為13.56 MHz的射頻離子槍進行離子改質，在高真空下，以48W的低功率電離氬氣與氧氣的混合氣體產生離子，並用800 V的加速電壓射出60 mA電流的3 cm直徑離子束並照射在PDMS上。
我們發現原是疏水性的PDMS在離子照射後會顯著的變成親水性，隨著離子照射劑量增加，PDMS的親水性、粗糙度、表面能都線性的增加；然而PDMS因離子照射而改變的親水性、表面能與粗糙度並非穩定，會隨著時間老化並回復，且此過程受老化環境影響甚鉅。在FTIR-ATR分析中，極性官能基團出現在離子照射過後的PDMS表面，然而這些極性官能基團存放在空氣中會消失。這些發現解釋了PDMS在離子照射後親水性的改變以及老化後疏水性回復的行為。
在溶劑質傳實驗中，我們用介電係數來區分溶劑的極性，並用Hansen溶解度係數來解釋溶劑與PDMS之間的相容性。我們發現非極性溶劑與PDMS之間親和性較高，Hansen溶解度係數差值較小，擁有較高的擴散係數及溶漲比例。值得注意的是，我們透過離子改質將PDMS的表面極性增加使極性溶劑丁酮在PDMS中的擴散係數增加，擴散活化能減小；非極性溶劑甲苯在PDMS中的擴散係數下降，擴散活化能上升，並且兩溶劑的擴散活化能與離子照射後的PDMS表面能呈現線性關係。然而溶漲比例與混合熱卻不會因為離子照射而改變。我們推測此現象是因離子照射使PDMS與溶劑之間形成一道化學能障，擴散會受到此表面化學能障的影響而改變，而溶漲則是由PDMS的整體塊材性質所主導，受表面影響較少。
我們用紫外光-可見光光譜儀分析PDMS的光學性質，發現PDMS在離子照射後對220奈米波長的紫外光出現吸收峰，源自於離子照射在PDMS表面產生的缺陷，此缺陷吸收特定波長的紫外光，此缺陷稱為”UV center”。將離子照射後的PDMS試片置於高溫退火環境中，UV center會湮滅而使220奈米紫外光穿透度隨著時間回覆。我們發現UV center的湮滅符合一階動力學模型的預測，隨著離子照射劑量增加，UV center湮滅反應速率下降、活化能上升、平衡濃度上升、生成能下降，代表越高的離子劑量會促進UV center的生成，並使能障更高。
總結來說，本研究探討了離子改質對PDMS表面性質的影響，並確認了表面能對溶劑擴散行為有重要影響。再藉由光學性質的改變，探討了UV center的動力學。此研究有助於更透徹了解離子改質技術對PDMS的影響，並拓展了PDMS材料在微流體、生醫等領域的應用潛力。

This study focuses on the effects of ion irradiation on the surface properties of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and understanding how these changes impact diffusion behavior and UV center kinetics. We use a 13.56 MHz radio frequency (RF) ion gun to generate ions. Under high vacuum, a mixture of argon and oxygen gases was used to produce ions, and a 3 cm diameter ion beam with an electric current of 60 mA and an acceleration voltage of 800 V, corresponding to a low power of 48 W, was irradiated on the PDMS surface.
We observed a significant change from the hydrophobic nature of PDMS to hydrophilicity after ion irradiation. As the ion dose increased, the hydrophilicity, roughness, and surface energy of PDMS showed a linear increase. However, the change of hydrophilicity, surface energy, and roughness of PDMS induced by ion irradiation were not stable and exhibited aging and recovery, which were greatly influenced by the aging environment.
FTIR-ATR analysis revealed the presence of polar functional groups on the ion-irradiated PDMS surface. However, these polar functional groups could not be detected in aged samples. These findings explain the alteration of hydrophilicity in PDMS after ion irradiation and the recovery of hydrophobicity after aging.
In solvent diffusion, we used the solubility parameter to differentiate polar from non-polar solvents and employed Hansen solubility parameters to explain the compatibility between solvents and PDMS. We found that non-polar solvents showed smaller differences in Hansen solubility parameters with non-polar PDMS, resulting in higher diffusivity and swelling ratios. In contrast, polar solvents exhibited less affinity with PDMS, leading to lower diffusion coefficients and swelling ratios. Importantly, we increased the surface polarity of PDMS via ion modification, which increased the diffusivity and decreased the diffusion activation energy of the polar solvent (butanone), while decreasing the diffusivity and diffusion activation energy of the non-polar solvent (toluene). Both solvents showed a linear relationship between their diffusion activation energies and the surface energy of ion-modified PDMS. However, the swelling ratio and enthalpy of mixing were not affected by ion modification. We speculate that ion irradiation forms a chemical barrier on surface of PDMS, influencing the diffusion behavior, while swelling is dominated by the bulk material and is less affected by the surface.
UV-Vis spectroscopy shows an absorption peak at 220 nm for ion-irradiated PDMS, suggesting the presence of defects, named “UV center”, which absorbs light of 220 nm wavelength in UV region. UV centers are annihilated by high-temperature annealing, restoring light transmittance at 220 nm over time. The annihilation follows a first-order kinetic model. Higher ion dose creates more UV centers and slows their annihilation.
In conclusion, this study elucidates the optimal parameters for PDMS ion modification, impacts on surface properties, diffusion kinetics, and UV center kinetics. Our findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the impact of ion irradiation on PDMS and extend its potential applications in microfluidic and biomedical fields, etc.

Chapter 1 . Introduction--1
Chapter 2 . Experiments--9
2.1 Materials--9
2.2 Specimen preparation--9
2.2-1 Polydimethylsiloxane preparation--9
2.2-2 Ion irradiation of PDMS--10
2.3 Confocal laser scanning microscopy measurements--11
2.4 Contact angle measurement--12
2.4-1 Wettability test--12
2.4-2 Surface energy measurement--12
2.5 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Measurement--13
2.6 Mass transport--14
2.7 UV – visible spectroscopy--15
Chapter 3 . Results and discussion--16
3.1 Ion Irradiation--16
3.1-1 The effect of acceleration voltage on ion irradiation--16
3.1-2 The effect of electric current on ion irradiation--16
3.1-3 The effect of gas ratio on ion irradiation--19
3.2 Wettability Changes Resulting From Ion Irradiation--20
3.2-1 Wettability--20
3.2-2 Aging of wettability--21
3.3 Roughness Changes Resulting from Ion Irradiation--23
3.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy--24
3.5 Surface Energy--28
3.5-1 The effect of ion irradiation on the surface energy of PDMS 28
3.5-2 Aging of surface energy--30
3.6 Mass Transport--33
3.6-1 The effect of Hansen solubility parameter on solvents mass transport.--35
3.6-2 The effect of ion irradiation on solvents mass transport.--38
3.6-3 The effect of ion treatment on THF, Toluene, Propanol, and butanone transport in PDMS.--39
3.6-4 The effect of ion irradiation dose on butanone or toluene transport in PDMS.--42
3.6-5 The effect of aging on toluene and butanone transport in ion-irradiated PDMS.--46
3.7 UV-vis Spectroscopy--50
3.7-1 UV-Vis spectroscopy of ion-irradiated PDMS--50
3.7-2 UV-vis spectroscopy of annealing PDMS--53
3.7-3 Arrhenius equation fitting--56
3.7-4 Van ‘t Hoff fitting--57
Chapter 4 . Conclusions--59
Tables--63
Figures--85
References--125
Appendix B--133

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