隨著資訊科技與網際網路的快速發展，數位閱讀素養已成為當代學生必備的技能。近年來，國內外有許多數位出版商與科技公司因應此趨勢，推出線上閱讀和評量測驗的相關資源，提供師生和家長使用。

過去已有許多研究證實顧客使用產品的意願受其易用性與使用體驗所影響；此外，學者亦指出教育科技產品的易用性攸關學生的學習表現。然而，目前數位閱讀平台的研究大多與電子書、圖書館數位化服務相關，數位閱讀測驗工具鮮少被討論。因此，本研究旨在探討目前國中教師與學生使用數位閱讀測驗平台的動機與需求，以優化平台的使用體驗與易用性，進而提升師生使用數位閱讀測驗平台輔助教學與自主學習的意願，並整合出相關的功能與介面設計參考。

本研究以雙鑽石設計流程為架構，進行四個階段的研究。首先，藉由案例分析和深度訪談，了解數位閱讀測驗平台的現況，以及師生的使用動機、情境與需求。第二階段根據訪談結果，透過親和圖分析定義出人物誌以識別主要使用者，並繪製客戶旅程圖以視覺化使用者需求。第三階段根據使用情境與需求建立資訊架構，並規劃元件與頁面，進一步產出設計原型。最後，為了解平台原型的易用性與滿意度，透過易用性測試、小規模訪談與問卷調查等方式進行測試和評估。

本研究提出八項數位閱讀測驗平台之設計概念與設計原型，並經由驗證後確認其易用性與使用者滿意度。根據評估結果，本研究進一步統整出三項設計重點，提供未來數位閱讀工具與相關研究的參考。

With the rapid development of information technology, digital reading literacy has become an essential skill for contemporary students. Digital publishers and technology companies have recently launched online reading and assessment-related resources. Numerous past studies have confirmed the importance of the usability of products; however, most current usability research on digital reading tools was related to digital textbooks and library digital services. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the motivations and needs of middle school Chinese teachers and students when using digital reading assessment tools, to optimize the usability and user experience of the platform and further enhance user satisfaction.

This study started with understanding current digital reading assessment tools and user needs through case studies and in-depth interviews. Secondly, various personas were defined to identify target users. Also, customer journey maps visualize user needs and expectations. The third stage was establishing a functional map, wireframes, and prototype by usage contexts and requirements. Finally, we designed and produced the prototype of a digital reading assessment platform and tested its usability and user experience.

This study proposed eight design concepts and the prototype of a digital reading test platform and confirmed its ease of use and user satisfaction after evaluation. According to the results, this study suggested three design priorities for future digital reading tools and related research.

中文摘要 i
Abstract ii
謝誌 iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables ix
List of Figures x
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background and Motivation 1
1.2 Research Purpose and Questions 5
1.3 Definitions of Terminology 7
Chapter 2 Literature Review 8
2.1 Digital Reading Tools 8
2.1.1 Digital Reading 8
2.1.2 Digital Reading Assessment Platform 11
2.1.3 Case Studies 13
2.1.3.1 Science Students 13
2.1.3.2 PinXueTang Reading Comprehension System 17
2.1.3.3 PaGamO Literacy School 21
2.1.3.4 ReadTheory 24
2.2 Design for Educational Technology 28
2.2.1 User Experience 29
2.2.2 Usability 34
2.3 Service Design 37
2.3.1 Definition of Service Design 37
2.3.2 The Double Diamond Model 38
Chapter 3 Methodology 41
3.1 Research Framework 41
3.2 Discover and Define 42
3.2.1 Interview 42
3.2.2 Affinity Diagram 43
3.2.3 Persona 44
3.2.4 Customer Journey Map 44
3.3 Develop 45
3.3.1 Functional Map 45
3.3.2 Task Flow 46
3.3.3 Wireframe 46
3.3.4 Prototype 46
3.4 Deliver 47
3.4.1 Usability Test 47
3.4.2 The Thinking Aloud Method 48
3.4.3 The System Usability Scale 48
3.4.4 The Questionnaire for User Interaction Satisfaction 49
Chapter 4 Discover and Define 51
4.1 Data Collection 51
4.2 Data Analysis 54
4.3 Result 57
4.4 Summary of User Needs 61
Chapter 5 Develop 67
5.1 Design Concepts 67
5.2 Functional Map of Digital Reading Assessment Platform 70
5.3 Task Flows for Testing 72
5.4 Wireframe of Digital Reading Assessment Platform 75
5.5 Prototype of Digital Reading Assessment Platform 77
Chapter 6 Deliver 95
6.1 Data Collection 95
6.2 Data Analysis 100
6.2.1 Usability of DRAP 100
6.2.2 User Perceptions of Design Concepts 109
Chapter 7 Conclusions and Future Work 118
7.1 Conclusions 118
7.2 Limitations 124
7.3 Future Work 125
Reference 126
Appendix I: The Pre-test Questionnaire 132
Appendix II: The Questionnaire of SUS 133
Appendix III: The Questionnaire of QUIS 135

Adam, A. (2007). Implementing electronic document and record management systems. Auerbach Publications.
Aharony, N. (2014). The effect of personal and situational factors on LIS students' and professionals' intentions to use e-books. Library & Information Science Research, 36(2), 106-113. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2014.01.001
Ahn, T. Y., & Lee, S. M. (2016). User experience of a mobile speaking application with automatic speech recognition for EFL learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 47(4), 778-786.
Alexander, P. A. (2012). The Disciplined Reading and Learning Research Laboratory.(2012). Reading into the future: Competence for the 21st century. Educational psychologist, 47(4), 259-280.
Ardito, C., Costabile, M. F., Marsico, M. D., Lanzilotti, R., Levialdi, S., Roselli, T., & Rossano, V. (2006). An approach to usability evaluation of e-learning applications. Universal Access in the Information Society, 4(3), 270-283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-005-0008-6
Baron, N. S. (2017). Reading in a digital age. Phi Delta Kappan, 99(2), 15-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031721717734184
Bevan, N. (1995). Human-Computer Interaction Standards. Advances in Human Factors\/ergonomics, 20, 885-890.
Birkerts, S. (2006). The Gutenberg elegies: The fate of reading in an electronic age. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Borgia, F., Bianchini, C. S., & De Marsico, M. (2014, 2014//). Towards Improving the e-learning Experience for Deaf Students: e-LUX. Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Universal Access to Information and Knowledge, Cham.

Bounie, D., Eang, B., Sirbu, M., & Waelbroeck, P. (2013). Superstars and outsiders in online markets: An empirical analysis of electronic books. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 12(1), 52-59. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2012.11.004
Boyce, C., & Neale, P. (2006). Conducting in-depth interviews: A guide for designing and conducting in-depth interviews for evaluation input (Vol. 2). Pathfinder international Watertown, MA.
Caldeira, M., Serrano, A., Quaresma, R., Pedron, C., & Romão, M. (2012). Information and communication technology adoption for business benefits: A case analysis of an integrated paperless system. International Journal of Information Management, 32(2), 196-202. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2011.12.005
Carr, N. (2010). The shallows: How the internet is changing the way we think, read and remember. Atlantic Books Ltd.
Cavanaugh, C., Dawson, K., & Ritzhaupt, A. (2011). An Evaluation of the Conditions, Processes, and Consequences of Laptop Computing in K-12 Classrooms. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 45(3), 359-378. https://doi.org/10.2190/EC.45.3.f
Chase, R. B. (2004). It's time to get to first principles in service design. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 14(2/3), 126-128. https://doi.org/10.1108/09604520410528545
Chen, C. M., & Chen, F. Y. (2014). Enhancing digital reading performance with a collaborative reading annotation system. Computers & Education, 77, 67-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.04.010
Cho, B.-Y., Woodward, L., Li, D., & Barlow, W. (2017). Examining adolescents’ strategic processing during online reading with a question-generating task. American Educational Research Journal, 54(4), 691-724.
Clatworthy, S. (2011). Service Innovation Through Touch-points: Development of an Innovation Toolkit for the First Stages of New Service Development. International journal of design, 5, 15-28.
Coiro, J. (2021). Toward a multifaceted heuristic of digital reading to inform assessment, research, practice, and policy. Reading Research Quarterly, 56(1), 9-31.
Coiro, J., & Dobler, E. (2007). Exploring the Online Reading Comprehension Strategies Used by Sixth-Grade Skilled Readers to Search for and Locate Information on the Internet. Reading Research Quarterly, 42, 214-257.
Dalton, B., Proctor, C. P., Uccelli, P., Mo, E., & Snow, C. E. (2011). Designing for Diversity:The Role of Reading Strategies and Interactive Vocabulary in a Digital Reading Environment for Fifth-Grade Monolingual English and Bilingual Students. Journal of Literacy Research, 43(1), 68-100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086296x10397872
Erlhoff, M., Marshall, T., Bruce, L., & Lindberg, S. (2008). Design Dictionary: Perspectives on Design Terminology. In (pp. 472).
Furrer, O., Sudharshan, D., Tsiotsou, R. H., & Liu, B. S. (2016). A framework for innovative service design. The Service Industries Journal, 36(9-10), 452-471.
Garrett, J. J. (2002). The Elements of User Experience: User-Centered Design for the Web. New Riders Publishing.
Garrett, J. J. (2010). The Elements of User Experience: User-Centered Design for the Web and Beyond. Pearson Education.
Ghosh, S., Surjadjaja, H., & Antony, J. (2004). Optimisation of the determinants of e‐service operations. Business Process Management Journal, 10(6), 616-635. https://doi.org/10.1108/14637150410567848
Goldman, S. R., Braasch, J. L., Wiley, J., Graesser, A. C., & Brodowinska, K. (2012). Comprehending and learning from Internet sources: Processing patterns of better and poorer learners. Reading Research Quarterly, 47(4), 356-381.
Grenha Teixeira, J., Patrício, L., Huang, K.-H., Fisk, R. P., Nóbrega, L., & Constantine, L. (2017). The MINDS Method:Integrating Management and Interaction Design Perspectives for Service Design. Journal of Service Research, 20(3), 240-258. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670516680033
Hahnel, C., Goldhammer, F., Naumann, J., & Kröhne, U. (2016). Effects of linear reading, basic computer skills, evaluating online information, and navigation on reading digital text. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 486-500. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.09.042
Hanington, B., & Martin, B. (2019). Universal methods of design expanded and revised: 125 Ways to research complex problems, develop innovative ideas, and design effective solutions. Rockport publishers.
Hassenzahl, M. (2004). The Thing and I: Understanding the Relationship Between User and Product. In M. A. Blythe, K. Overbeeke, A. F. Monk, & P. C. Wright (Eds.), Funology: From Usability to Enjoyment (pp. 31-42). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2967-5_4
Holmlid, S. (2012). Participative; co-operative; emancipatory: From participatory design to service design. Conference Proceedings ServDes. 2009; DeThinking Service; ReThinking Design; Oslo Norway 24-26 November 2009,
Holmlid, S., & Evenson, S. (2008). Bringing Service Design to Service Sciences, Management and Engineering. In B. Hefley & W. Murphy (Eds.), Service Science, Management and Engineering Education for the 21st Century (pp. 341-345). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-76578-5_50
Hyman, J. A., Moser, M. T., & Segala, L. N. (2014). Electronic reading and digital library technologies: understanding learner expectation and usage intent for mobile learning. Educational Technology Research and Development, 62(1), 35-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-013-9330-5
Jones, S. (2012). eGovernment Document Management System: A case analysis of risk and reward. International Journal of Information Management, 32(4), 396-400. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2012.04.002
Kiili, C., Coiro, J., & Raikkonen, E. (2019). Students' evaluation of information during online inquiry: Working individually or in pairs. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy, The, 42(3), 167-183.
Kimbell, L. (2011). Designing for service as one way of designing services. International journal of design, 5(2).
Kurata, K., Ishita, E., Miyata, Y., & Minami, Y. (2017). Print or digital? Reading behavior and preferences in Japan. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 68.
Lei, J., & Zhao, Y. (2008). One-to-One Computing: What Does it Bring to Schools? Journal of Educational Computing Research, 39(2), 97-122. https://doi.org/10.2190/EC.39.2.a
Lenhart, A., Purcell, K., Smith, A., & Zickuhr, K. (2010). Social Media & Mobile Internet Use among Teens and Young Adults. Millennials. Pew Internet & American Life Project.
Lewis, C., & Rieman, J. (1993). Task-centered User Interface Design: A Practical Introduction. University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Computer Science. https://books.google.co.in/books?id=oXgUzQEACAAJ
Liu, Z. (2005). Reading behavior in the digital environment: Changes in reading behavior over the past ten years. Journal of documentation, 61(6), 700-712. https://doi.org/10.1108/00220410510632040
Liu, Z. (2012). Digital reading: An overview. Journal of Data and Information Science, 5(1), 85-94. http://manu47.magtech.com.cn/Jwk3_jdis/CN/abstract/article_106.shtml
Lu, J., Schmidt, M., Lee, M., & Huang, R. (2022). Usability research in educational technology: a state-of-the-art systematic review. Educational technology research and development, 70(6), 1951-1992. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-022-10152-6
Machado, M., & Tao, E. (2007). Blackboard vs. Moodle: Comparing user experience of learning management systems. 2007 37th annual frontiers in education conference-global engineering: Knowledge without borders, opportunities without passports,
Mayes, J. T., & Fowler, C. J. (1999). Learning technology and usability: a framework for understanding courseware [Article]. Interacting with Computers, 11(5), 485-497. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0953-5438(98)00065-4
Meroni, A., & Sangiorgi, D. (2016). Design for services. Routledge.
Millard, D. E., Borthwick, K., Howard, Y., McSweeney, P., & Hargood, C. (2013). The HumBox: Changing educational practice around a learning resource repository. Computers & Education, 69, 287-302. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.07.028
Nielsen, J. (1994). Usability inspection methods. Conference companion on Human factors in computing systems,
Norman, D. A. (1988). The psychology of everyday things. Basic books.
OECD. (2015). Students, Computers and Learning. https://doi.org/doi:https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264239555-en
Olsen, G. (2004). Persona creation and usage toolkit. Retrieved March, 25, 2014.
Ortlieb, E., Sargent, S., & Moreland, M. (2014). Evaluating the Efficacy of Using a Digital Reading Environment to Improve Reading Comprehension within a Reading Clinic. Reading Psychology, 35(5), 397-421. https://doi.org/10.1080/02702711.2012.683236
Ostrom, A. L., Parasuraman, A., Bowen, D. E., Patrício, L., & Voss, C. A. (2015). Service Research Priorities in a Rapidly Changing Context. Journal of Service Research, 18(2), 127-159. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670515576315
Park, H.-R., & Kim, D. (2017). English language learners’ strategies for reading online texts: Influential factors and patterns of use at home and in school. International Journal of Educational Research, 82, 63-74. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2017.01.002
Potnis, D., Deosthali, K., Zhu, X., & McCusker, R. (2018). Factors influencing undergraduate use of e-books: A mixed methods study. Library & Information Science Research, 40(2), 106-117. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2018.06.001
Proctor, C. P., Uccelli, P., Dalton, B., & Snow, C. E. (2009). Understanding Depth of Vocabulary Online With Bilingual and Monolingual Children. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 25(4), 311-333. https://doi.org/10.1080/10573560903123502
Putman, R. S. (2017). Technology versus teachers in the early literacy classroom: an investigation of the effectiveness of the Istation integrated learning system. Educational Technology Research and Development, 65(5), 1153-1174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-016-9499-5
Reason, B., Løvlie, L., & Flu, M. B. (2015). Service design for business: A practical guide to optimizing the customer experience. John Wiley & Sons.
Rubin, H., & Rubin, I. (2005). Qualitative Interviewing (2nd ed.): The Art of Hearing Data (2nd ed.) https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452226651
Rubio, G., Navarro, E., & Montero, F. (2014). APADYT: a multimedia application for SEN learners. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 71(3), 1771-1802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-012-1304-9
Salmerón, L., Strømsø, H. I., Kammerer, Y., Stadtler, M., & Van den Broek, P. (2018). Comprehension processes in digital reading. Learning to read in a digital world, 91-120.
Sein, M. K., Henfridsson, O., Purao, S., Rossi, M., & Lindgren, R. (2011). Action Design Research. MIS Quarterly, 35(1), 37-56. https://doi.org/10.2307/23043488
Shamir-Inbal, T., & Blau, I. (2016). Developing Digital Wisdom by Students and Teachers:The Impact of Integrating Tablet Computers on Learning and Pedagogy in an Elementary School. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 54(7), 967-996. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633116649375
Singer, L. M., & Alexander, P. A. (2017). Reading on paper and digitally: What the past decades of empirical research reveal. Review of Educational Research, 87(6), 1007-1041.
Steane, J., & Yee, J. (2018). Interaction design: From concept to completion. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Stickdorn, M., Schneider, J., Andrews, K., & Lawrence, A. (2011). This is service design thinking: Basics, tools, cases (Vol. 1). Wiley Hoboken, NJ.
Tanner, M. J. (2014). Digital vs. print: Reading comprehension and the future of the book. School of Information Student Research Journal, 4(2), 6.
Tselios, N., Avouris, N., & Komis, V. (2008). The effective combination of hybrid usability methods in evaluating educational applications of ICT: Issues and challenges. Education and Information Technologies, 13(1), 55-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-007-9045-5
Udell, C. (2014). Mastering mobile learning. John Wiley & Sons.
Vlachogianni, P., & Tselios, N. (2021). Perceived usability evaluation of educational technology using the System Usability Scale (SUS): A systematic review. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2020.1867938
Wolfe, J. (2008). Annotations and the collaborative digital library: Effects of an aligned annotation interface on student argumentation and reading strategies. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 3(2), 141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11412-008-9040-x
Yeh, S.-W., & Lehman, J. (2001). Effects of learner control and learning strategies on English as a foreign language (EFL) learning form interactive hypermedia lessons. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia archive, 10, 141-159.