Partial Least Square - Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) has become a quasi-standard technique in management research and other fields. We are investigating techniques found in regression that could be replied to PLS-SEM. We are taking the result of the non-parametric bootstraps to compare with the other type of bootstraps, residual and wild bootstraps. We also call the resulting set of methods double or debiased ML (DML), which is a method that can solve the problem of regularization bias and overfitting. We will explore what these techniques are and implement them for PLS-SEM

ACKNOWLEDGMENT 1
INDEX OF FIGURES 6
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. LITERATURE REVIEW 3
1. PLS-SEM(PARTIAL LEAST SQUARES - STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING) 3
1.1. What is PLS-SEM? 3
1.2. Where PLS-SEM is used? 4
Non-normal data 4
Small sample size 4
Formative indicators 4
2. BOOSTRAPPING 5
2.1. DIFFERENT TYPES OF BOOTSTRAPS AND TECHNIQUES OF BOOTSTRAPPING 6
2.1.1. General types of bootstrapping 6
Nonparametric bootstrap 6
Semiparametric bootstrap 7
Parametric bootstrap 7
Why not parametric and semiparametric bootstrap for PLS? 8
2.1.2. Alternative Techniques of Non-parametric bootstrapping 8
- Residual Bootstrap 8
Wild Bootstrap 9
2.2. BOOTSTRAPPING IN PLS-SEM 11
2.2.1. Nonparametric bootstrap in PLS-SEM 11
Number of Bootstrap samples 11
2.2.2. Alternative Bootstraps in PLS-SEM (Residual and Wild bootstrap) 12
3. DOUBLE MACHINE LEARNING (DML) 12
3.1. Unbiasing Regression Using DML 12
3.1.1. Where DML is used? 13
3.1.2. Machine Learning or Double Machine Learning: 14
3.2. Complex PLS Models 14
3.2.1. Multiple dependent variables, with mediation and moderation 14
3.2.2. New ways of improving causal inference using Double Machine Learning (DML) 15
III. METHODOLOGY 16
1. APPLYING NEW METHODS TO PLS-PM 16
2. ALTERNATIVE BOOTSTRAP METHODS FOR PLS 16
2.1 DATA 16
2.2 ORDINARY NON-PARAMETRIC BOOTSTRAP 18
2.3 RESIDUAL BOOTSTRAP 20
2.3.1 ADAPTED ALGORITHM (PSEUDOCODE) 20
2.3.2 BOOTSTRAP RESULTS 21
2.4 WILD BOOTSTRAP 22
2.4.1 ADAPTED ALGORITHM (PSEUDOCODE) 22
2.4.2 BOOTSTRAP RESULTS 23
3. DOUBLE MACHINE LEARNING FOR PLS 24
3.1. CROSS-FITTED-DML FOR PLS 24
3.1.1. ADAPTED ALGORITHM (PSEUDOCODE) 24
3.1.2. DML RESULTS 25
3.2. MONTE-CARLO-CROSS-FITTED FOR PLS 26
3.2.1. MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS 26
3.2.2. ADAPTED ALGORITHM (PSEUDOCODE) 27
IV. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 29
REFERENCES 31

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