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作者(中文):廖晏唯
作者(外文):Liao, Yen-Wei
論文名稱(中文):美中對抗下我國先進晶片製造產業的管制政策與法律分析
論文名稱(外文):Analysis of Taiwan's Laws and Policies on the Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Industry Amidst the U.S.-China Rivalry
指導教授(中文):林勤富
指導教授(外文):Lin, Ching-Fu
口試委員(中文):吳建輝
劉漢威
口試委員(外文):Wu, Chien-Huei
Liu, Han-Wei
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立清華大學
系所名稱:科技法律研究所
學號:109074701
出版年(民國):113
畢業學年度:112
語文別:中文
論文頁數:174
中文關鍵詞:晶片先進晶片製造美中脫鉤出口管制國家安全供應鏈重塑
外文關鍵詞:ChipsAdvanced Chip ManufacturingU.S.-China DecouplingExport ControlNational SecuritySemiconductor Supply Chain Restructuring
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在資訊數位科技高度發展的前景下,支撐科技快速發展的硬體—先進晶片在當今局勢中具有重要戰略意義。先進晶片的應用除了人工智慧、5G建設、無人機、掌握大數據的超級計算機外,還包含加密、解密所需的快速計算、超音速武器乃至於最新一代的核武。台灣是目前世界上先進晶片供應的主力,也成為不可避免被夾在美中角力之間的原因。 當前局勢下,先進晶片供應被視為國家安全的一部分,且美中對抗與科技脫鉤下實施的一系列管制政策,已經逐漸模糊經濟競爭與戰略性競爭的界線。美中對抗產生的先進晶片製造產業管制與既有多邊貿易規則或有許多扞格與爭議,亦逐漸有供應鏈重塑之倡議。在此前提下,台灣是否維持產業技術與保持各國對台的貿易依存成為至關重要的疑問。更重要的是,台灣是否能夠持續仰賴先進晶片製造供應維持其經濟,並進而降低自身地緣政治風險。
因此,本文關注管制研究上保持政府間、國際組織間與非政府組織間的交流的論述與理論,以建立完善的監管體制為目標,避免供應鏈斷裂與經濟危機。本研究期望以國際法與全球治理的角度出發,將研究分為三個部分:第一部分藉由回顧先進晶片製造產業的發展脈絡,並梳理其與地緣政治、國家安全、經濟貿易以及國家互動之間的關聯,勾勒出本議題的大致方向。第二部分藉由分析美中對抗下各行為者的概況與管制政策走向,以及美、中、台三方過去對晶片製造產業的政策與出口管制政策演變,作為對現今世界管制與秩序走向之理解。第三部分,從利於我國國家利益的角度出發,嘗試在戰略性與經濟性競爭的重疊面向上提出有助於維持我國先進晶片產業製造優勢的管制與治理方法。
In the context of rapidly advancing digital information technology, the hardware supporting this progress—advanced chips—holds significant strategic importance in today's geopolitical landscape. The applications of advanced chips extend beyond artificial intelligence, 5G infrastructure, drones, and supercomputers that manage big data. They are also vital for the fast computations needed for encryption and decryption, hypersonic weapons, and the latest generation of nuclear weapons. Taiwan, as a major global supplier of advanced semiconductor products, has inevitably become a key player caught in the U.S.-China rivalry. Currently, the supply of advanced chips is seen as part of national security, and the series of regulatory policies implemented under the U.S.-China confrontation and technological decoupling have gradually blurred the lines between economic competition and strategic competition. The export controls of the advanced chip manufacturing industry arising from U.S.-China tensions have led to contradictions and disputes with existing trade rules. Under this premise, whether Taiwan can maintain its industrial ecosystem advantage and preserve the interdependence in the chip supply chain to reduce its geopolitical risk becomes a crucial question. This study focuses on maintaining communication between governments, international organizations, and non-governmental actors, aiming to establish a comprehensive regulatory system to avoid economic crises and geopolitical risks. This study is divided into three parts: The first part reviews the development of the advanced chip manufacturing industry and outlines its connections with geopolitics, national security, and economic trade to draw the general direction of this issue. The second part analyzes the overview and regulatory policy trends of various actors under the U.S.-China confrontation and the evolution of policies and export control policies of the U.S., China, and Taiwan regarding the chip manufacturing industry to understand the trends of current global regulation and order. The third part attempts to find regulatory and governance methods that help maintain Taiwan’s advanced chip manufacturing supply and deepen supply chain interdependence to reduce geopolitical risk.
第壹章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 問題意識 9
第三節 問題提出 14
第四節 研究方法 15
第五節 研究範圍 15
第六節 研究限制 18
第七節 文獻回顧 19
第一項 當前國際治理的管制主體與主要結構 20
第二項 法秩序的變遷與未來走向 25
第三項 如何建立利於台灣先進晶片製造產業的管制 27
第貳章 先進晶片製造產業與管制 35
第一節 先進晶片製造產業之定義及範圍 35
第一項 晶片之分類 35
第二項 半導體材料及元件 36
第三項 晶圓 37
第四項 半導體製程概論 37
第五項 先進晶片之製造產業鏈 39
第六項 先進晶片製造產業管制政策之定義與範圍 43
第二節 半導體產業對社會與經貿之影響 44
第一項 半導體製造產業的全球分工模式 44
第二項 半導體產業的全球發展 46
第三項 先進晶片製造產業與地緣政治之關聯與潛在風險 50
第三節 近代先進晶片製造產業的管制政策演變 54
第一項 軍商兩用性管制與國家安全的論述發展 54
第二項 出口管制政策的發展 62


第參章 美國先進晶片產業的政策與管制分析 67
第一節 美國半導體產業早期發展政策 67
第二節 美國半導體產業近期政策與管制 71
第一項 美國先進晶片製造產業發展策略與現況 71
第二項 美國的出口管制體系 73
第三項 與出口管制有關的其他立法:晶片法案之護欄條款 86
第四項 針對先進晶片及其製造產業的出口管制 88
第肆章 中國先進晶片製造產業的政策與管制分析 96
第一節 中國半導體產業早期發展政策 96
第二節 中國半導體產業近期政策與管制 101
第一項 中國先進晶片產業發展策略與現況 101
第二項 中國的出口管制體系 103
第三項 針對先進晶片及其製造產業的管制 110
第四項 其他出口管制 110
第伍章 台灣先進晶片製造產業的政策與管制分析 112
第一節 台灣半導體產業早期發展政策 112
第二節 台灣先進晶片製造產業近期政策與管制 114
第一項 台灣先進晶片製造產業發展策略與現況 114
第二項 台灣的出口管制體系 116
第三項 針對先進晶片及其製造產業的管制 127
第四項 與出口管制有關的其他立法:台灣地區與大陸地區人民關係條例第9條第4項第6款 128
第陸章 先進晶片製造產業政策與評析 130
第一節 建構利於台灣先進晶片及其製造產業的管制 130
第一項 國際治理的管制主體與主要結構 131
第二項 台灣先進晶片產業的處境以及可能做出的回應 133
第三項 如何建構利於台灣先進晶片及其製造產業的管制模式 138
第柒章 結語 151

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二、 英文文獻
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私部門報告
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公部門報告
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