專利制度具有促進研發創新的公益目的，長期目標在於提升社會福祉。近代科技產業的快速發展，使得專利保護的需求倍增，專利叢林不斷生長，專利侵權的風險也隨之升高。在此趨勢下，許多策略應運而生，例如市場參與者加入專利池以簡化授權、企業藉由防禦性專利策略累積大量專利等，這些策略大抵形成了一種專利聚集（patent aggregation）的現象。隨著專利市場興起，專利權的流通和運用變得更為彈性。專利聚集授權的模式被市場上的專利非實施實體（non-practicing entities, NPEs）發展為營利的商業模式，此種聚集大量專利的NPEs，被稱作專利聚集實體（patent aggregators）。美國2011年通過《美國發明法案》（Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, AIA）針對專利蟑螂議題進行大幅改革，時至今日美國的NPEs仍在資本市場的支持下蓬勃發展，並透過專利權的運用影響各國。本文聚焦在美國專利制度針對專利蟑螂改革後，現今專利聚集實體對於專利制度的影響為何。專利聚集屬於私人之間的契約安排（private ordering），實際上受到諸多因素影響，呈現出多樣化的型態。為了探究現代專利聚集實體的形成脈絡，本文前階段說明專利權的性質及專利叢林在近代的發展，並概覽及歸納三種專利聚集可能發展的型態，分別為產業標準導向、公益導向，及NPEs主導之專利聚集。基於此脈絡，接著以美國和台灣具代表性的專利聚集實體進行個案研究。美國部分以防禦型專利聚集RPX，和車聯網專利授權平台Avanci兩家具代表性的公司進行個案研究，分析相關法律爭議；台灣部分則以國內具代表性的某機構進行個案研究，並以實證訪談的方式收集資料。最後比較分析美國及台灣個案的差異，試圖釐清現今專利聚集實體對於專利制度的影響。

Promoting innovative research and development, which improves public welfare in long run, is the purpose of the patent system. The rapid growth of tech industry in modern history spurs the demand of patent protection, raising “patent thicket” and enhancing risk of patent infringement. Many strategies have been come up with in this situation, such as patent pool licensing and defensive patenting. The strategies illustrate the phenomenon of “patent aggregation”. With rise of patent market, the circulation and application of patent rights become more flexible. Patent aggregation for licensing turns into profitable business for non-practicing entities (NPEs). NPEs aggregating copious patents are called “patent aggregators”. The Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (AIA) passed by the U.S. Congress in 2011 made significant reform to “patent troll” issue. Nonetheless, NPEs funded by capital market are still burgeoning in the U.S. and have huge impact on practicing entities overseas. The thesis focuses on how patent aggregators nowadays influence the patent system after AIA reform. Patent aggregation, as a kind of private ordering, varies in different situations. In order to delve into the background of patent aggregators, the thesis first explains the nature of patent rights and recent development of patent thicket, and then characterizes three patterns of patent aggregation, i.e., patent aggregation for industrial and technical standard, for public welfare, and patent aggregation led by NPEs. After that, the thesis carries out case studies of three patent aggregators in the U.S. and Taiwan. There are two cases, RPX and Avanci, from the U.S., and one case from Taiwan. Data for the case in Taiwan was collected through empirical research. Finally, the thesis tries to shed light on how patent aggregators influence the patent system by drawing a comparison of the case studies.

第壹章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 文獻回顧 3
第一項 專利池授權與競爭法 3
第二項 專利實施實體和非實施實體的專利聚集 4
第三項 專利市場中的專利聚集實體 6
第四項 國內的專利聚集研究及政策 7
第五項 小結 8
第三節 研究範圍與限制 9
第四節 研究方法 11
第一項 文獻分析 11
第二項 個案研究與判決分析 11
第三項 實證研究 12
第一款 訪談 13
第四項 比較法 13
第五節 研究架構 14
第貳章 專利叢林與專利聚集現象 17
第一節 專利權的排他效力 17
第一項 專利權的起源 17
第二項 專利權之積極實施與消極排他面向 18
第三項 共有悲劇之解方 19
第四項 專利權的防禦面向 20
第二節 從專利叢林到專利市場 21
第一項 專利叢林 21
第二項 反共有悲劇 23
第三項 防禦性專利策略 24
第一款 發展背景 24
第二款 專利組合理論 26
第三款 防禦性專利策略的公益性 27
第四項 專利市場 27
第三節 專利權集中授權機制 30
第一項 專利池概說 30
第二項 專利池的歷史成因 31
第四節 小結 33
第參章 專利聚集的型態 34
第一節 產業標準導向 34
第一項 早期的產業專利池 35
第二項 近代的技術標準專利池 36
第三項 標準制定組織的智財政策 37
第一款 標準必要專利 39
第二款 FRAND承諾 40
第四項 專利池與反托拉斯法 42
第二節 公益導向 45
第一項 醫藥專利池 46
第二項 開放專利協議 50
第三節 專利非實施實體主導 53
第一項 專利非實施實體：定義與分類 53
第二項 專利聚集實體：攻擊或防禦？ 55
第一款 美國專利蟑螂的崛起與改革 57
第二款 防禦專利蟑螂的商業模式 61
第四節 小結 62
第肆章 美國個案研究 64
第一節 RPX Corporation 64
第一項 公司簡介 64
第二項 爭議手法 66
第一款 取得專利後釋出 66
第二款 勒索嫌疑 67
第三項 反托拉斯爭議 68
第四項 IPR程序爭議 69
第五項 綜合分析 70
第二節 Avanci 72
第一項 公司簡介 72
第二項 從DOJ商業審查看Avanci授權機制 74
第三項 Continental v. Avanci案 78
第一款 案件事實 79
第二款 美國政府提交利益聲明 80
第三款 地方法院判決 82
第四款 美國聯邦第五巡迴上訴法院判決 82
第五款 法律與經濟學者提交法庭之友意見 83
第六款 美國聯邦第五巡迴上訴法院重為判決 85
第七款 案件評析 85
第四項 各界的正反聲浪 86
第五項 綜合分析 89
第三節 小結 90
第伍章 台灣專利聚集實體發展概況及個案研究 92
第一節 台灣專利聚集實體的發展背景 92
第一項 概念緣起 93
第二項 國際市場競爭下的專利風險 94
第三項 來自專利非實施實體的專利風險 97
第二節 台灣個案研究 99
第一項 專利池的營運與轉變 100
第二項 以專利連結技術市場與資本市場 103
第三節 美國及台灣專利聚集實體之比較 105
第四節 小結 107
第陸章 結論 108
參考文獻 111
附件一 訪談大綱 130

中文文獻

一般書籍
林洲富（2022），《專利法：案例式》，10版，五南。
曾陳明汝（2004）《兩岸暨歐美專利法》，修訂再版，學林。
楊崇森（2021），《專利法理論與應用》，5版，三民。
葉至誠、葉立誠（2011），《研究方法與論文寫作》，第3版，商鼎。
潘淑滿（2022），《質性研究：理論與應用》，第2版，心理出版。
蔡明誠（1998），《發明專利法研究》，2版，臺大法學。
劉國讚（2017），《專利法之理論與實用》，修訂4版，元照。
謝銘洋（2020），《智慧財產法》，10版，元照。

翻譯書籍
W. Lawrence Neuman（著）、朱柔若（譯）（2002），《社會研究方法—質化與量化取向》，揚智。
久慈直登（著）、鄭舜瓏（譯）（2017），《專利戰爭》，光現。

書之篇章
王立達（2022），〈從專利制度之結構特性，看中國擁有5G行動通訊標準必要專利是否影響國家安全〉，王立達（編），《制度觀點下的專利法與國際智慧財產權》，頁3-11，元照。
王睦鈞、林欣吾（2019），〈台灣產學研美國專利的量與影響力趨勢分析〉，劉尚志、陳在方（編），《台灣科技產業美國專利訴訟30年之回顧》，頁453-470，元照。
台灣科技法學會（2019），〈台灣資訊及光電廠商專利糾紛之個案分析〉，劉尚志、陳在方（編），《台灣科技產業美國專利訴訟30年之回顧》，頁159-176，元照。
李紀寬（2024），〈以智慧財產觀點淺談人工智慧之共益〉，林文源、王道維、杜文苓、李建良（編），《公共化AI：思維、協作與法制的基礎設施》，頁341-385，清大出版。
吳靜怡（2019），〈美國專利侵權合理權利金之計算方式及發展趨勢〉，劉尚志、陳在方（編），《台灣科技產業美國專利訴訟30年之回顧》，頁281-355，元照。
葉家齊（2019），〈標準制定組織之專利集管型態與授權爭議分析〉，劉尚志、陳在方（編），《台灣科技產業美國專利訴訟30年之回顧》，頁505-531，元照。
劉尚志、陳在方、蘇昱婷、楊佩錡、尤謙（2019），〈台灣企業在美國聯邦法院及國貿委員會專利訴訟實證分析－LCD觸控、LED產業〉，劉尚志、陳在方（編），《台灣科技產業美國專利訴訟30年之回顧》，頁177-204，元照。
戴慧紋、林婉菁、林欣吾（2019），〈台灣學研機構專利管理運用概況〉，劉尚志、陳在方（編），《台灣科技產業美國專利訴訟30年之回顧》，頁473-486，元照。

期刊論文
王立達（2018），〈標準必要專利權行使之國際規範發展與比較分析──FRAND承諾法律性質、禁制令、權利金與競爭法規制〉，《月旦法學雜誌》，第275期，頁87-110。
王偉霖（2012），〈IP Bank衍生法律爭議及其辨析〉，《全國律師》，16卷8期，頁52-69。
李素華（2003），〈技術標準制定之競爭法規範與調和〉，《東吳法學報》，頁117-178。
李素華（2008），〈專利權行使與公平交易法－以近用技術標準之關鍵專利為中心〉，《公平交易季刊》，第16卷第2期，頁85-121。
李素華（2012），〈我國建立智慧財產銀行（IP Bank）之困難與挑戰〉，《全國律師》，16卷8期，頁33-51。
李素華、張哲倫（2014），〈專利之制度目的及權利本質──法院在其中之關鍵角色及功能〉，《月旦法學雜誌》，232期，頁191-222。
李素華（2016），〈從專利授權契約之本質論專利法相關規範之解釋與適用〉，《政大法學評論》，第144期，頁1-80。
李玄、王立達（2014），〈美國後eBay時代專利侵權案件之永久禁制令：以法院見解發展與實證研究為中心〉，《政大智慧財產評論》，12:2期，頁153-194。
沈宗倫（2017），〈標準必要專利之法定授權與專利權濫用—以誠實信用原則為中心〉，《政大法學評論》，第149期，頁1-83。
何愛文（2003），〈專利聯盟所生競爭法上爭議〉，《公平交易季刊》，第11卷第4期，頁1-30。
林鵬飛（2014），〈防禦型專利集合之創新商業模式：RPX個案研究〉，《智慧財產權月刊》，189期，頁70-108。
胡君弘（2023），〈禁訴令與反禁訴令之交錯－以Nokia v. Continental案為中心〉，《專利師》，第52期，頁53-76。
孫遠釗（2011），〈評臺灣面對國外專利侵權訴訟的應對策略－兼論政府參與「智慧財產基金」的可行性〉，《智慧財產評論》，第9卷第2期，頁137-173。
張澤平（2006），〈專利權只是一種排他權之評析〉，《智慧財產權月刊》，90期，頁57-63。
張哲倫、李素華（2014），〈專利法之經濟結構－經濟分析理論對於臺灣專利制度運作之啟發〉，《月旦法學雜誌》，234期，頁229-262。
陳丁章（2011），〈智財銀行所涉競爭法及專利濫用相關議題之研究〉，《台灣科技法律與政策論叢》，第8卷第1期，頁19-51。
陳在方（2017），〈美國專利紛爭解決之關鍵性變革－論美國專利複審程序的結構功能分析與實施成效〉，《交大法學評論》，頁1-62。
張永健（2022），〈法實證研究方法論：實證比較法的五種取徑〉，《月旦法學雜誌》，326期，頁59-78。
產業人物雜誌（2022），《史無前例 智財專家 齊聚挺你》，宏津。
黃舒芃（2005），〈比較法作為法學方法：以憲法領域之法比較為例〉，《月旦法學雜誌》，第120期，頁183-198。
黃銘傑（2002），〈專制集管（Patent Pool）與公平交易法─評行政院公平交易委員會對飛利浦等三家事業技術授權行為之二次處分案〉，《月旦法學雜誌》，87期，頁122-148。
黃銘傑（2008），〈技術標準與專利聯盟（Patent Pool）中獨占地位之取得及其濫用時之救濟措施初探─美國聯邦交易委員會In the Matter of Rambus, Inc.案之啟示〉，《全國律師》，12卷1期，頁27-39。
黃銘傑（2010），〈從專利授權之法律性質與定位論專利法修正草案授權規範之問題點與盲點〉，《月旦法學雜誌》，第176期，頁97-118。
黃國昌（2009），〈法學實證研究方法初探〉，《月旦法學雜誌》，175期，頁142-153。
楊千旻（2011），〈智財銀行對專利訴訟的實益分析〉，《台灣科技法律與政策論叢》，第8卷第1期，頁81-105。
楊千旻（2012），〈高科技產業之專利布局與策略聯盟〉，《專利師》，第11期，頁115-136。

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李淑蓮（2012），〈沒錢沒人沒公信力 智財銀行下一步怎麼走？－ 看看高智IV怎麼玩 答案呼之欲出〉，《北美智權報》，載於：http://www.naipo.com/Portals/1/web_tw/Knowledge_Center/Industry_Economy/publish-28.htm。
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英文文獻

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BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014).
MOWERY, DAVID C. & NATHAN ROSENBERG, PATHS OF INNOVATION: TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE IN 20TH-CENTURY AMERICA (1999).
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Shorter Works in Collection
Burrone, Esteban, Patent Pooling in Public Health, in THE CAMBRIDGE HANDBOOK OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY GOVERNANCE, AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 93 (Margaret Chon et al. eds., 2018).
Callahan, Matthew W. & Jason M. Schultz, Is patent reform via private ordering anticompetitive? An analysis of open patent agreement, in PATENT PLEDGE: GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON PATENT LAW’S PRIVATE ORDERING FRONTIER 151 (Jorge L. Contreras & Meredith Jacob eds., 2017).
Greenbaum, Dov, Patent Sharing in Biotechnology, in PATENT PLEDGES: GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON PATENT LAW’S PRIVATE ORDERING FRONTIER 56 (Jorge L. Contreras & Meredith Jacob eds., 2017).
Husovec, Martin, Standardization, Open Source and Innovation: Sketching the Effect of IPR Policies, in THE CAMBRIDGE HANDBOOK OF TECHNICAL STANDARDIZATION LAW: FURTHER INTERSECTIONS OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LAW 177 (Jorge L. Contreras ed., 2019).
Shapiro, Carl, Navigating the Patent Thicket: Cross Licenses, Patent Pools, and Standard Setting, in INNOVATION POLICY AND THE ECONOMY, VOLUME 1 119 (Adam B. Jaffe et al. eds., 2001).

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Chien, Colleen V., From Arms Race to Marketplace: The Complex Patent Ecosystem and Its Implications for the Patent System, 62 HASTINGS L.J. 297 (2010).
Christ, Dominique et al., Patent Aggregation: More Than Patent Trolls, 54 LES NOUVELLES - JOURNAL OF THE LICENSING EXECUTIVES SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL 238 (2019).
Clarkson, Gavin & Joshua Newberg, Blunt Machetes in the Patent Thicket: Modern Lessons from the History of Patent Pool Litigation in the United States between 1900 and 1970, 22 J. TECH. L. & POL'Y 1 (2018).
Contreras, Jorge L., A Brief History of FRAND: Analyzing Current Debates in Standard Setting and Antitrust Through a Historical Lens, 80 ANTITRUST L.J. 39, 41 (2015).
Crane, Daniel A., All I Really Need to Know About Antitrust I Learned in 1912, 100 IOWA L. REV. 2025 (2015).
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Freilich, Janet, Patent Shopping, 10 UC IRVINE L. REV. 619 (2020).
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Gilbert, Richard J., Ties that Bind: Policies to Promote (Good) Patent Pools, 77 ANTITRUST L.J. 1 (2010).
Hagiu, Andrei & David B. Yoffie, The New Patent Intermediaries: Platforms, Defensive Aggregators, and Super-Aggregators, 27 J. ECON. PERSP. 45 (2013).
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Heller, Michael A. & Rebecca S. Eisenberg, Can Patents Deter Innovation? The Anticommons in Biomedical Research, 280 SCIENCE 698 (1998).
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Knott, Eleanor et al., Interviews in the social sciences, 2(73) NATURE REVIEWS METHODS PRIMERS 1 (2022).
Rice, James M., The Defensive Patent Playbook, 30 BERKELEY TECH. L.J. 725 (2015).
Jurata, Jay & Emily Luken, Glory Days: Do the Anticompetitive Risks of Standards-Essential Patent Pools Outweigh Their Procompetitive Benefits?, 58 SAN DIEGO L. REV. 417 (2021).
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