自我控制是個體為了實現個人目標、社會期望或者是遵循社會道德規範嘗試自主調節行為、情緒、思想等反應的心理能力，在人類生活中扮演著重要功能。自我控制能力可分為特質自我控制和狀態自我控制，特質自我控制認為自我控制能力是個體的穩定特質，而狀態自我控制則認為個體的自我控制能力會因為個體自我控制資源的減少而表現出“自我損耗”狀態，從而造成自我控制失敗。過往研究多將兩種自我控制能力分別進行研究，尚未將兩者結合起來探討。
利他行為是人類不期望獲得自我利益，自願性地幫助他人的行為。研究發現利他行為開始於利他者會優先注意到環境中的利他資訊，再通過自我控制能力控制自身的利己衝動從而做出利他行為，因此自我控制是影響利他行為發生的一個重要因素。文獻查閱發現過去研究較少探討自我控制與利他行為之間的關係，特別是不同的自我控制條件下實驗參與者對利他、利己資訊是否具有一致的注意偏向。
從狀態自我控制的視角來看，自我控制能力會因自我控制資源的消耗而降低。個體能否通過自我肯定對自我控制資源進行補償？不同的自我肯定類型是否會對自我控制資源的補償產生差異？
基於以上問題，本研究試圖探討大學生特質自我控制能力與狀態自我控制能力對於利他、利己資訊注意偏向的影響，並進一步探討自我肯定對於自我控制資源損耗的補償作用。
本研究以中國某大學的學生為研究對象，實驗一採用2(特質自控：高vs低)×6(刺激類型：利他中性詞對同側vs利他中性詞對異側vs利己中性詞對同側vs利己中性詞對異側vs利他利己詞對同側vs利他利己詞對異側)的兩因素混合實驗設計，邀請特質自我控制能力高與低兩組各30人參與實驗，探討特質自我控制能力不同的實驗參與者對利他、利己資訊注意偏向的差異。實驗二採用2（自我損耗：高vs低）×6（刺激類型：利他中性詞對同側vs利他中性詞對異側vs利己中性詞對同側vs利己中性詞對異側vs利他利己詞對同側vs利他利己詞對異側）的兩因素混合實驗設計。邀請特質自我控制能力中等組共60人參與實驗，探討狀態自我控制資源損耗對利他、利己資訊注意偏向的影響。實驗三採用3（自我肯定類型：價值肯定vs屬性肯定vs無肯定）×6（刺激類型：利他中性詞對同側vs利他中性詞對異側vs利己中性詞對同側vs利己中性詞對異側vs利他利己詞對同側vs利他利己詞對異側）的兩因素混合實驗設計。邀請特質自我控制能力中等組共45人參與實驗，探討自我控制資源損耗後自我肯定對自我控制資源的補償作用。
研究透過三個實驗結果，得出以下結論：(1)高、低特質自我控制能力實驗參與者在利他與利己資訊注意偏向之間無顯著差異；而高、低自我控制資源損耗組之間，高自我控制資源損耗組參與者注意偏向於利己資訊。(2)對於自我肯定的補償效應實驗來說，利他中性條件下，當探測點和利他詞組同側時，價值肯定組的實驗參與者反應更快；當探測點與利他詞異側時，價值肯定組的反應時間要比無肯定組更長。實驗結果顯示特質自我控制對利他、利己資訊注意的影響較小，自我控制資源的影響較大，數據較為支援利他資訊的注意是受自我控制的處理，而對利己資訊的注意則是自動化的處理。自我肯定中的價值肯定對自我控制資源損耗後的注意偏向具有一定的補償作用。

Self-control is the psychological ability of individuals to adjust their behaviors, emotions, thoughts, and other reactions independently to achieve personal goals, social expectations, or follow social moral norms, which plays an important role in human life. Previous studies mostly emphasized subdivided self-control into trait self-control oriented towards stable personality traits and state self-control from the perspective of limited self-control resources.
Altruistic behavior is the behavior of helping others voluntarily which unintended gain self-interest benefits. Research studies suggest that before individuals complete altruistic behaviors, altruists need to pay attention to the altruistic information in the environment, and then control their egoistic impulses through self-control to make altruistic behaviors. That is to say, self-control is an important factor which affecting the occurrence of altruistic behaviors. However, few studies have paid attention to the relationship between self-control and altruistic behavior, especially whether experimental participants have a consistent attentional bias to altruistic and egoistic information under different self-control conditions.
From the perspective of state self-control, self-control ability would be reduced by the consumption of self-control resources. Can individuals compensate for self-control resources through self-affirmation? Do different types of self-affirmation make a difference in the compensation of self-control resources?
This study aims to explore the influence of college students' trait self-control ability and state self-control ability on altruistic and egoistic information attentional bias, and further explore the compensatory effect of self-affirmation on the depletion of self-control resources.
In this study, students who come from a university in China were selected as the sample, the College Students Self-Control Ability Scale was used for testing, and two groups with high and low trait self-control abilities were screened out. According to the altruistic, egoistic, and neutral word materials selected by the material selection questionnaire, behavioral experiments were designed. Experiment 1 adopted a two-factor mixed experimental design of 2 (trait self-control: high vs low) × 6 (stimulation type: altruistic neutral words on the same side vs altruistic neutral words on the opposite side vs egoistic neutral words on the same side vs egoistic neutral words on the opposite side vs altruistic neutral words on the same side vs egoistic neutral words on the opposite side), and invited 30 subjects in each group of high and low trait self-control to participate in the experiment, to explore the experimental participation of different trait self-control Differences in the attentional bias of altruistic and egoistic information. Experiment 2 adopted a two-factor mixed experimental design of 2 (ego depletion: high vs low) × 6 (stimulation type: altruistic neutral words on the same side vs altruistic neutral words on the opposite side vs egoistic neutral words on the same side vs egoistic neutral words on the opposite side vs altruistic neutral words on the same side vs egoistic neutral words on the opposite side). A total of 60 subjects in the medium group of trait self-control were invited to participate in the experiment to explore the effect of state self-control resource depletion on altruistic and egoistic information attentional bias. Experiment 3 adopted a two-factor mixed experimental design of 3 (self-affirmation type: value affirmation vs attribute affirmation vs no affirmation) × 6 (stimulation type: altruistic neutral words on the same side vs altruistic neutral words on the opposite side vs egoistic neutral words on the same side vs egoistic neutral words on the opposite side vs altruistic neutral words on the same side vs egoistic neutral words on the opposite side). A total of 45 subjects in the trait self-control medium group were invited to participate in the experiment to explore the compensatory effect of self-affirmation on self-control resources after the depletion of self-control resources.
The results of three experiments lead to the following conclusions: (1) No significant difference was found between the altruistic and egoistic information attentional biases in the high and low trait self-control experiment participants; while the high and low self-control resource depletion groups In between, participants in the high self-control resource depletion group paid attention to self-interested information. (2) For the self-affirmation compensation effect experiment, under altruistic neutral conditions, when the probe point and the altruistic phrase were on the same side, the participants in the value affirmation group responded faster; when the probe point was on the opposite side of the altruistic phrase, the reaction time of the value affirmation group was longer than that of the no affirmation group. These findings indicate that trait self-control has little effect on attention to altruistic and egoistic information, while self-control resources have a greater effect. The data supports that attention to altruistic information is processed by self-control, while attention to self-interested information is automated. deal with. Value affirmation in self-affirmation has a certain compensatory effect on attentional bias after the depletion of self-control resources.

摘要 i
Abstract iv
致謝 vi
表目錄 x
圖目錄 xi
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的與問題 4
第三節 研究範圍與限制 5
第四節 名詞解釋 6
第五節 研究流程圖 8
第二章 文獻回顧 9
第一節 自我控制的概念及相關研究概述 9
第二節 利他行爲的界定以及相關研究 18
第三節 注意偏向的界定及相關研究 21
第四節 自我肯定的概念及相關研究概述 26
第五節 自我控制對利他行爲注意偏向的相關研究以及自我肯定的作用 32
第三章 研究方法 36
第一節 各研究變項之間的關係 36
第二節 研究總架構 37
第三節 實驗一：特質自控對利他、利己資訊注意偏向的影響 39
第四節 實驗二：自我損耗對利他、利己資訊注意偏向的影響 46
第五節 實驗三：自我損耗與利他、利己資訊注意偏向：自我肯定的補償作用 53
第四章 研究結果 60
第一節 實驗一：特質自控與利他利己資訊注意偏向的影響 60
第二節 實驗二：自我損耗與利他、利己資訊注意偏向的影響 64
第三節 實驗三：自我損耗與利他、利己資訊注意偏向：自我肯定的補償作用 69
第四節 研究發現與討論 73
第五章 研究結論與研究建議 78
第一節 研究結論 78
第二節 研究建議 81
參考文獻 83
一、中文文獻 83
二、西文文獻 86
附錄 95
附錄一：大學生特質自我控制量表 95
附錄二：用於材料選擇問卷設計的利他、利己、中性詞語材料 98
附錄三：利他、利己、中性詞語材料選擇問卷(節選) 99
附錄四：經過挑選最終用於行為實驗的詞語材料 101

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