本研究旨在探討發展性語言障礙學齡兒童的非典型大腦側化與語言能力之間的關聯。我們招募了8到11歲典型發展學齡兒童和發展性語言障礙學齡兒童，使用功能性經顱超聲波進行了語言訓練前後的大腦側化模式的測量。結果顯示，在語言訓練前，發展性語言障礙的學齡兒童未呈現典型的左半球優勢，而典型發展的學齡兒童則表現出明顯的左半球優勢模式。然而，在語言訓練後，發展性語言障礙的學齡兒童組呈現出典型的左半球優勢。此外，在典型發展學齡兒童組中，側化指數值與語言發展分數之間存在中度負相關。我們歸因於這一現象是由於典型發展學齡兒童在面對具有挑戰性的語言任務中雖然表現出較高的熟練度，但尚未達到自動處理的程度。因此，他們會從右半球中提取資源，導致整體上呈現偏左的側化模式，然而語言熟練度與側化指數值之間的則呈現負相關。

This study investigates the association between atypical brain lateralization and language abilities in children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD). We recruited school-aged children (age range =8;0 ~11; 11) with and without DLD to participate in this study. The study comprised pretest, online language training, and posttest. Cerebral lateralization when performing a sentence construction task was measured using functional Transcranial Doppler sonography (fTCD) during the pretest and the posttest. The results indicate that before language training, the DLD group did not exhibit typical left-hemispheric dominance, while typically developing school-age children demonstrated a significant left-hemispheric dominance pattern. However, after language training, the DLD group displayed typical left-hemispheric dominance. Additionally, a moderate negative correlation was found between the laterality index (LI) values and the language development scores in the TD group. We attribute this phenomenon to the TD children exhibiting higher proficiency in challenging language tasks but not yet reaching automatic processing. Consequently, they extract resources from the right hemisphere, leading to an overall leftward lateralization pattern and a negative correlation between language proficiency and LI values.

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………...i
中文摘要……………………………………………………… ii
Table of Content………………………………………………. iii
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION………………………………….1
1.1 Background of the present study…………………………………………….1
1.2 The purpose of the current study…………………………………………....5
Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................6
2.1 Cerebral language lateralization......................................................................6
2.1.1 Left hemisphere (LH) language dominance.........................................6
2.1.2 Age and language lateralization..........................................................9
2.2 fTCD as a measure of brain lateralization....................................................11
2.2.1 The fTCD method.................................................................................11
2.2.2 Different techniques compare to the fTCD method..........................14
2.3 The application of fTCD to studying language lateralization in children .18
2.3.1 Typically developing individuals ........................................................18
2.3.2 Individuals with developmental language disorder (DLD)..............21
2.4 Effect of task demands as a result of task difficulty or language ability....24
2.5 The current study............................................................................................28
Chapter 3 METHODS...............................................................31
3.1 The overall design of the study.......................................................................31
3.2 Participants......................................................................................................34
3.3 General Procedures .........................................................................................38
3.3.1 Materials...............................................................................................39
3.3.2 Sentence Comprehension Task...........................................................40
3.3.3 Sentence Expression Task...................................................................41
3.3.4 Functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound (fTCD) Task.............43
3.3.4.1 Apparatus ..................................................................................43
3.3.4.2 fTCD Data acquisition..............................................................44
3.3.4.3 fTCD Data analysis...................................................................45
3.3.4.4 fTCD Short Animation Task....................................................45
3.4 Language training...........................................................................................49
Chapter 4 RESULT....................................................................51
4.1 Sentence Expression: pretest, training, and posttest...................................51
4.2 fTCD Short Animation Task..........................................................................55
4.2.1 Behavior performance: pretest and posttest.....................................55
4.2.2 Language laterality in the Pretest: TD and DLD groups.................57
4.2.3 Language laterality of the DLD: posttest..........................................61
4.3 Associations between language laterality and language proficiency..........65
Chapter 5 DISCUSSION...........................................................66
5.1 Summary of results .........................................................................................66
5.2 The association between language laterality and proficiency.....................68
5.3 Limitations of current study..........................................................................69
Reference.......................................................................................................................72
Appendix A....................................................................................................................84
Appendix B....................................................................................................................85

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