睡眠拖延（Bedtime procrastination）係指在無外力影響的情況依然無法在適當或期的時間就寢。先前研究指出睡眠拖延會對人類健康造成負面影響，包含肥胖、高血壓、心血管疾病、憂鬱症等生理與心理疾病。由於智慧型手機普及，睡眠拖延也更加普遍，特別是在年輕族群中。嗅覺提示是一個可能的降低睡眠拖延的介入形式。過去研究指出，嗅覺提示能有效傳遞資訊及觸發特定情緒與行為，臨床也證實將氣味應用在芳香療法能有效引導睡眠。然而，目前在將感官提示用於規律睡眠的人機互動領域研究及消費性睡眠科技都尚未出現嗅覺提示的應用。本研究旨在探討將嗅覺提示應用於改善睡眠拖延的作用。我們進行了為期三週，以五位大學及研究生為對象的場域實驗，並使用能在睡前散發氣味的裝置了解嗅覺提示如何影響受試者的睡眠拖延行為。此外，我們也收集了量性與質性的資料。結果顯示嗅覺提示能夠改變受試者的睡眠拖延行為，並有潛力有效地引導及規律睡眠。本研究亦提供未來設計與研究方向的建議。

Bedtime procrastination (BP) refers to delaying bedtime without external reasons. It could lead to several physical and mental disorders, such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and depression. It becomes more serious with the popularity of smartphone, especially among the younger generation. Odor cue could be a potential intervention to reduce bedtime procrastination, which is shown to be effective in conveying information and triggering the desired emotion and behaviors. Besides, aromatherapy is proven to be clinically effective in inducing sleep. However, the effect of odor cue has not been explored by the existing HCI research and consumer sleep technologies, which seek to regulate one’s bedtime with multi-sensory cues. In this study, we explore the effectiveness of odor cue in reducing people’s bedtime procrastination with a three-week field experiment study with five college students. We examined the effectiveness of odor with a device which delivers scent and light before bedtime. Qualitative and quantitative data were both collected in this study. Results indicate that odor is effective on reducing bedtime procrastination, and has potential in inducing and regulating sleep. The study also provides implications for design and future research.

Abstract 4
摘要 5
Acknowledgment 6
1.Introduction 7
2. Literature Review 9
2.1 Bedtime procrastination 9
2.2 Interventions for regulating sleep 10
2.3 Interventions for improving and detecting sleep quality 11
2.4 Interventions for reducing bedtime procrastination 12
2.5 Odor cue and its effect on one’s sleep 14
3. Methods 16
3.1 Pilot Test 16
3.2 Study Design 16
3.3 Participant Characteristics 17
3.4 Study Procedure 19
3.5 Measurements 21
3.6 Data Analysis 23
4. Design 24
4.1 Design Rationale 24
4.2 Design Implementation 24
5. Results 27
5.1 Overview of pre-experimental behavior: bedtime procrastination and sleep quality 27
5.2 Overview of behavior and scheduled bedtime in the experiment weeks 29
5.3 Overview of The 1st Week of The Experiment 30
5.4 Overview of Bedtime Procrastination in The 2nd and 3rd Week 30
5.5 Overview of Bedtime in Week 2 and 3 35
5.6 Overview of Sleep Quality in Week 2 and 3 38
5.7 The Perception and Preference to Smell 39
5.8 Participant Reactions to Device 39
6. Discussion 41
6.1 Pre-Experiment Procrastination Related Behavior 41
6.2 The Effects of Odor and Light on Bedtime Procrastination and Sleep quality 41
6.3 Implications 44
7. Limitations 46
8. Conclusion and Future Work 47
References 48

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