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作者(中文):張遊心
作者(外文):Chang, Yu-Sin
論文名稱(中文):論康德人性尊嚴之基礎
論文名稱(外文):On The Ground of Kant's Human Dignity
指導教授(中文):鄭志忠
指導教授(外文):Jeng, Jyh-Jong
口試委員(中文):彭文本
陳欣白
口試委員(外文):Pong, Wen-Berng
Chen, Hsin-Pai
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立清華大學
系所名稱:哲學研究所
學號:108047502
出版年(民國):111
畢業學年度:110
語文別:中文
論文頁數:121
中文關鍵詞:康德目的自身尊嚴人權自由自律道德法則
外文關鍵詞:KantEnd in itselfDignityHuman rightsFreedomAutonomyMoral law
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本論文的主要目的,在於闡述康德(Immanuel Kant)對「人性尊嚴」的構想。在我們所處的時代中,「人性尊嚴」,可以說,是非常重要的概念,也繼而孕育出「人權」的概念。然而,康德究竟如何闡述「人性尊嚴」,並為此一構想奠定基礎?顯然在這幾年康德學者間的研究當中對此一議題有不同的看法。本論文我主要針對Oliver Sensen所提出的詮釋予以回應。Sensen指出,在康德的闡述當中,人有尊嚴是因為道德法則命令我們應當將人的存在評判為具有絕對的內在價值,亦即尊嚴。我在這篇論文中欲指出Sensen論證當中的詮釋問題。我認為,欲理解康德「人性尊嚴」的構想必須由道德法則與「自由」之間的關係來理解。對康德而言,人的尊嚴與「自由」──作為一種獨立於感性且純粹的自發性的能力,以及作為道德法則的「存在根據」(ratio essendi)──緊密關聯。康德在《道德形上學底基礎》中回答「定言令式如何可能」的問題時甚至說道,基於自由這個能力使得人能夠將自己的存在提升至理性存有者(本體人)的觀點來看待自己,亦即作為知性世界(本體界)的成員;並且說道,「本體人」(homo noumenon)的此一面向才是人「真正的自我」(eigentliches Selbst)。換言之,對康德而言,人性尊嚴的根據在於,人是具有另一個身分的理性存有者,並服從於另一個超感性的秩序,亦即超感性的實踐法則;這項超感性的法則是人作為本體人的純粹意志所自我制定的(即自由)。而自由這個能力──或說:人作為「本體人」此一觀點來看待的自由能力──是使得人是「目的自身」,並且具有尊嚴的根據。
The main purpose of this paper is to explicate Kant's conception of “human dignity”. In the era we live in, “human dignity” can be said to be a very important concept, and it has also given birth to the concept of “human rights”. However, how exactly does Kant articulate the “dignity of the human being” that lays the foundation for this conception? Obviously, there are different views on this issue among Kant scholars in recent years. In this paper I mainly respond to the interpretation proposed by Oliver Sensen. Sensen points out that, in Kant's formulation, human beings have dignity simply because it is commanded by the moral law that human being should be valued as having absolute intrinsic value (i.e. dignity). In this paper I would like to point out some questionable problems in Sensen's argument. In my opinion, Kant's conception of “human dignity” must be understood in terms of the relationship between moral law and “freedom”. According to Kant, human dignity and “freedom”—as a capacity independent of sensible inclinations and pure spontaneity, and as the ratio essendi of the moral law—are closely related. When Kant answered the question of “how is the categorical imperative possible” in the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, he even said that in light of the capacity of freedom, human beings must regard himself as rational beings (noumenal self); that is, to regard himself as the member of the World of Understanding (the realm of noumenon). And according to Kant, the noumenal self (homo noumenon) is the “actual self” (eigentliches Selbst) of human beings. In other words, for Kant, the ground of human dignity is that human beings, as rational beings, is subject to another supersensible order, that is, the (supersensible) practical (moral) law, which is determined by the pure will of the noumenal self (i.e. freedom). And the capacity of freedom—or, in other words, the capacity of freedom of the homo noumenon—is the ground that qualifies human beings as “end in itself” and have dignity.
導論 1
第一節 康德哲學的系統劃分 2
(一)同一個對象的兩重觀點:「現象」與「物自身」的區分 2
(二)人的認知能力僅侷限在感官經驗的對象上 4
(三)超感性領域的對象留作道德與宗教的領域 7
第二節 問題意識與章節安排 8
第一章 對《康德論人性尊嚴》基本論點的回應 11
第一節 Oliver Sensen的主要論點 11
(一) 「價值」是否作為一種超感性的性質(metaphysical property)? 12
(二) 道德法則必須先於實踐理性的對象 16
第二節 對Oliver Sensen論點的回應 19
(一) 釐清「超感性的、形而上的」(metaphysisch)或「形上學」(Metaphysik)的字義 20
(二) 偶然的且經驗性的愉悅情感及純粹的、先天的道德情感 25
(三) 實踐法則必須先於實踐理性的對象並決定實踐理性的對象 26
(四) 對Sensen總體論點的回應 29
第三節 康德的價值理論:「絕對價值」、「尊嚴」及「目的自身」(Zweck an sich selbst)之間的關係 29
(一) 「目的」、「目的自身」與「價值」概念 32
(二) 「目的自身」、「理性存有者」與「人格」(Person)概念 38
(三) 小結 44
第二章 有純粹實踐理性:道德法則和自由的客觀實在性 46
第一節 對道德原則的分析:區別「實踐法則」及「幸福原則」 47
(一) 《實踐理性批判》的第一節至第四節:意志的決定根據 48
(二) 普遍立法的形式與自律(Autonomie) 52
第二節 定言令式(道德法則)作為先天綜合命題是如何可能? 59
(一) 自由與知性世界(Verstandeswelt)的關係 62
(二) 現象與物自身:感性世界(Sinnenwelt)與知性世界(Verstandeswelt) 64
(三) 人作為物自身(智性體、智性存有者) 66
(四) 對定言令式的推證 68
(五) 小結 72
第三節 理性事實:證實人具有雙重觀點 75
(一) 對道德法則的意識 76
(二) 對道德法則敬畏的情感(Achtung) 80
(三) 小結 84
第四節 作為具有「人格」(Person)的人 85
(一) 定言令式對人這類有限的理性存有者的有效性根據 85
(二) 自由這個理念如何有意義地被設想? 86
(三) 為何有理由將人視作自由的主體(存在本身具有絕對內在的價值的主體)? 87
(四) 小結 89
第三章 德行義務:對他人尊敬的義務 94
第一節 「對他人尊敬的義務」的立論基礎 95
(一) 對尊敬義務的證成:Sensen的詮釋論點及對其回應 96
(二) 康德如何證成尊敬他人的德行義務? 100
第二節 論傷害對他人尊敬之德行義務的惡行 105
(一) 傲慢(Hochmut) 107
(二) 毀謗(Afterreden) 108
(三) 嘲笑(Verhöhnung) 108
結論 110
參考文獻 116
康德著作
康德(Immanuel Kant),《道德形上學底基礎》,李明輝譯,臺北:聯經,1990。
───,《純粹理性批判》,鄧曉芒譯,臺北:聯經,2020。
───,《實踐理性批判》,李秋零譯,臺北:五南,2019。
───,《道德底形上學》,李明輝譯,臺北:聯經,2015。
───,《判斷力批判》,鄧曉芒譯,臺北:聯經,2020。
───,《一切能作為學問而出現的未來形上學之序論》,李明輝譯,臺北:聯經,2008。
───,《邏輯學講義》,李秋零譯,臺北:五南,2020。
Kant, Immanuel. (2003). Kant’s Natural Right. trans. Lars Vinx. (unpublished).
─── (1997). Lectures on Ethics. Heath, Peter (Tr.). P. Heath/J.B. Schneewind (eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

中文參考書目
李明輝(2016),〈康德論德行義務:兼論麥金泰爾對康德倫理學的批評〉,《歐美研究》,46,2: 211-241。
林遠澤(2007),〈論康德定言令式的共識討論結構──試從理性存有者的道德觀點闡述康德的先驗規範邏輯學〉,《台大哲學論評》,33: 181-230。
鄭志忠(2006),〈康德的自然合目的性原則的實用意義〉,《揭諦》,10,1: 73-152。
黃振華,《論康德哲學》(李明輝編)。臺北:時英出版,2005。
張雪珠,《康德論自由:道德自由、法權自由與人的尊嚴》。臺北:臺大出版中心,2021。

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Betzler, Monika.(ed.) (2008). Kant’s Ethics of Virtue. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter
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