面對「人本質而言是什麼」的問題，在當代心靈哲學的辯論中有兩派爭論不休的觀點，分別是科學主義式心靈觀以及理性主義式心靈觀。前者主張，人（以及人的心理現象）的本質取決於科學研究的結果；後者主張，人本質上是理性主體。相應於這兩套心靈觀，賽勒斯（Wilfred Sellars）刻劃的兩大圖像──顯現圖像與科學圖像──同樣對「人是什麼」有著不同的回應：顯現圖像中的人是可以進行概念性思考的理性主體；科學圖像下的人是由基本粒子組成的物理系統。
　　在尋求對世間各種事物的理解時，賽勒斯在事實性面向上主張科學圖像的優先性。世間萬物除了包含自然現象以外，還包括了規範現象。可是，科學圖像缺乏對規範性面向的表達與掌握。這促使賽勒斯提出如下問題：我們該如何在以科學圖像為優先的情況下，保留對規範性主題的掌握？這也是本論文所考慮的核心問題。賽勒斯嘗試藉由綜合顯現圖像與科學圖像，得出綜觀視角。在綜觀視角中，科學圖像在存有論上具備優先性，並可以掌握規範性。可見，綜觀視角若能成立，將得以回應上述問題。
　　本論文的主要工作是要分析綜觀視角成立的可能性，並指出規範性在賽勒斯哲學中的重要地位。我們將參考採取科學主義式心靈觀的哲學家，包含：丘奇蘭（Paul Churchland）、丹尼特（Daniel Dennett）。考察這兩位學者的主張，以突顯賽勒斯不同於一般科學主義者的特色。其後，我們將延續賽勒斯的思路，參考在他之後持續發展綜觀視角的兩名學者：德瑞斯（Willem A. DeVries）與奧謝（James R. O’Shea）。此二位學者分別由人的概念與規範概念著手，提供了綜觀視角成立的可能性。

Faced with the question of "what is man in nature", there are two disputing views in the field of contemporary philosophy of mind, which are the scientistic view of mind and the rationalistic view of mind. The former argues that the nature of people (and their mental states) depends on the results of scientific research, while the latter states that man is essentially a rational being. Corresponding to these views of the mind, Wilfred Sellars' two images, the manifest image and the scientific image, also have different responses to "what is man": Man in the manifest image is a rational being capable of conceptual thinking; while man in the scientific image is a complex physical system.
In seeking to understand things in the broadest possible sense of the term, Sellars asserted the priority of the scientific image on the factual side. In addition to natural phenomena, everything in the world also includes normative phenomena. However, the scientific image lacks the expression and mastery of normative aspects. It, therefore, prompted Sellars to ask: how do we retain a grasp of normative subjects while prioritizing the scientific image? This thesis focuses on this core problem. Sellars tried to fuse the manifest image and the scientific image into a synoptic vision. In the synoptic vision, the scientific image has priority ontologically over the manifest image, and could explain normativity. Therefore, if the synoptic vision can be established, it will be able to answer the above question.
The main work of this thesis is to analyze the possibility of the establishment of synoptic vision and point out the importance of normativity in Sellars' philosophy. We will refer to philosophers who have taken a scientistic view of the mind, including Paul Churchland and Daniel Dennett. By examining the claims of these two scholars, Sellars is distinguished from ordinary scientism. We will then continue Sellars’ thinking by referring to two scholars who have developed the synoptic vision after him: Willem A. DeVries and James R. O'Shea. These two scholars, working from the concept of personhood and the normative concept respectively, provide the possibility of establishing the synoptic vision.

第壹章 賽勒斯的綜觀視角 1
一、 用以理解世界的圖像 3
（一） 原初圖像 3
（二） 顯現圖像 4
（三） 科學圖像 6
二、 顯現圖像與科學圖像之間的關係 7
（一） 研究方法所屬的層次差異 8
（二） 科學圖像以顯現圖像為基礎 8
（三） 顯現對象存在與否 9
三、 規範性與科學圖像的缺漏 12
（一） 賽勒斯的取捨 12
（二） 顯現圖像中的規範性 13
（三） 科學圖像的不足與顯現圖像的重要性 14
四、 採取綜觀視角的必要性 15
（一） 規範特徵的不可化約性 16
（二） 採取綜觀視角的必要性 17
（三） 綜觀視角成立的可能性 19
五、 綜觀視角的蘊含與疑點 20
第貳章 發展科學圖像的賽勒斯右派 25
一、 丘奇蘭的消除式物質主義 26
（一） 消除常識心理學 26
（二） 丘奇蘭對規範性的掌握 29
（三） 丘奇蘭對規範性問題的可能回應 31
二、 丹尼特的意向立場 32
（一） 解釋系統行為的立場 32
（二） 丹尼特對規範性問題的可能回應 34
三、 對賽勒斯右派的評估 35
（一） 對丘奇蘭之說法的評估 36
（二） 對丹尼特之說法的評估 38
第參章 德瑞斯對綜觀視角的詮釋：將人的概念視為功能性概念 40
一、 科學圖像的不完整性 41
（一） 完整性的兩種面向 41
（二） 科學圖像的不完整之處 42
（三） 科學圖像的悖論 43
二、 人格概念 45
（一） 人的概念是功能性概念 45
（二） 功能論的說法 48
三、 賽勒斯之綜觀視角成立的可能性：德瑞斯的看法 49
（一） 不同意識形態不涵衍不同的存有論 50
（二） 綜觀視角的成立 51
（三） 德瑞斯論賽勒斯的兩圖像 52
四、 對德瑞斯之詮釋的評估 53
第肆章 奧謝對綜觀視角的詮釋：規範概念在因果上可化約到科學圖像 58
一、 概念思考可化約為自然型態的兩種意義 60
二、 概念思考在邏輯上不可化約成自然型態，而在因果上可化約成自然型態 61
（一） 道德領域 62
（二） 語言領域 67
三、 賽勒斯之綜觀視角成立的可能性：奧謝的看法 72
四、 對奧謝之詮釋的評估 73
結論：調和規範性與科學圖像的可能性 79
引用文獻 83

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