近年來，鋰離子電池的需求隨著全球能源與環境議題被重視而大幅提高，鋰離子電池使用在不論是移動型裝置或大型的貯存系統上，更促進了多元材料的發展。高鎳三元鎳鈷錳 (NCM, LiNi1-x-yCoxMnyO2, x+y<0.2) 擁有出色的電化學表現，也被使用在油電混和車與電動車上，更被視為新世代的正極材料。然而，許多關鍵問題仍需克服。
本研究論文提出了一個新穎的方法來合成三元鎳鈷錳正極材料。高錳酸鉀(KMnO4)扮演了重要的角色，首先作為含錳的化合物，它提供了錳元素的來源。其次，身為強氧化劑與著色劑，將鈷二價離子氧化後形成均勻的鈷錳氧化物附著在氫氧化鎳表面。此外，將氫氧化鎳表層部分鎳二價原子氧化成三價，有效降低鋰鎳混排的比例，過程中更重建了表面結構，達到提升鋰離子遷入遷出順暢性的目的。此合成過程為水相反應，具有簡單、快速操作與優勢。
利用氧化還原輔助的方法可成功製備出高結晶性且無雜質的LiNi0.96Co0.03Mn0.01O2 (NCM-R)。其電化學測試結果顯示，在0.1C充放電速率下電容量達205 mAh g-1;在0.5C充放電速率下電容量達197 mAh g-1。經過100圈循環電容量仍維持93%以上。另外，為了確認表面氧化的成果，本研究也利用XPS來確認鎳元素的價態，以及利用TEM探討表面結構的變化。

Global energy and environmental challenges drive the demand for lithium ion batteries that are used in both stationary and mobile devices, thus, stimulating the blooming of various materials for lithium ion batteries. Ni-rich NCM material (LiNixCoyMn(1-x-y)O2, x>0.8) has won the title of new generation lithium ion battery. It provides remarkable electrochemical performances and is applied for hybrid and electric vehicles. Nonetheless, several critical issues are still required to be solved.
In this study a novel synthesis method based on redox reaction for Ni-rich NCM is proposed. KMnO4 is the key element and plays multiple roles in the reaction. First of all , as the manganese contained compound, it is the source of manganese. Secondly, as a strong stain agent and oxidant, it reacts with Co2+ to form a uniform precipitation covering the substrate, Ni(OH)2 particle. Moreover, as the strong oxidant, the Ni3+ content increase through oxidation treatment, which reduce the Li+/Ni2+ disorder and rebuilt the surface structure. This process is water-based, easily operated and time-saving.
The impurity-free LiNi0.96Co0.03Mn0.01O2 (NCM-R) with high crystallinity is successfully fabricated. The products synthesized by redox-assisted method provide a capacity of 197 mAh g-1 at 0.5C and 205 mAh g-1 at 0.1C. The capacity retention is 93% after 100 cycles. In addition, to confirm the effect of surface oxidation treatment, the oxidation state of nickel ion is examined by XPS and the surface structure is investigated by TEM. It is expected that this idea can be practiced for other cathode materials in the near future.

Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction -1
1.1 Background of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) -1
1.2 Motivations and objectives in this study -2
Chapter 2 Literature Review -5
2.1 Working principle of conventional LIBs -5
2.2 Cathode materials -6
2.2.1 Olivine structure (1D) -7
2.2.2 Spinel structure (3D) -8
2.2.3 Layer structure (2D) -10
2.3 Nickel-Rich layered cathode materials for LIBs -13
2.3.1 Development of Nickel-rich layered cathode -13
2.3.2 Development of NCM cathode -14
2.3.3 Critical issues of NCM materials -15
2.4 Strategies undertaken for Ni-Rich layered cathode -18
2.5 Conventional synthesis method for NCM materials -21
2.5.1 Solid state -21
2.5.2 Spray dry -22
2.5.3 Sol-gel -22
2.5.4 Co-precipitation -23
2.6 Synthesis by redox deposition -23
Chapter 3 Experimental Details -34
3.1 Material preparation -34
3.1.1 LiNi0.96Co0.03Mn0.01O2 (NCM-R) synthesis -34
3.1.2 Electrodes and cells preparation -35
3.2 Characterization and analysis -35
3.2.1 Composition analysis (ICP-MS) -35
3.2.2 Phase identification (XRD) -35
3.2.3 Chemical state (XPS) -35
3.2.4 Morphological and crystalline observation (SEM, TEM) -36
3.3 Electrochemical analysis -36
3.3.1 Linear Sweep Voltammogram (LSV) -36
3.3.2 Cyclability and capability -36
3.3.3 Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) -37
3.3.4 Electrochemistry Impedance Spectroscopy -37
Chapter 4 Results and Discussions -39
4.1 Characterization of NCM-Pre -39
4.2 Characterization of NCM-R -46
4.3 Electrochemical performances -55
4.4 A preliminary scale-up study on NCM-R -63
Chapter 5 Conclusion -66
Appendix -67
References -76

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