植物透過光合作用獲取養分，而葉片中的葉綠囊膜即為光合作用進行的場所，且葉綠囊膜中的葉綠素在光合作用中扮演重要角色。葉綠素利用太陽光能把水分子轉換為氧氣、氫離子與電子。在研究中，我們於聚丙烯薄膜表面塗上銀膠與滴附奈米碳管後，接著把從葉子中萃取出來的葉綠囊膜滴在奈米碳管上，製成可以產生光電流的裝置。當裝置於黑暗的環境中，與接受光照時所產生的光電流不同，前者源自奈米碳管的導電性，後者來自葉綠囊膜產生的光電流，且後者比前者的電流大許多。此外，透過掃描式電子顯微鏡可以觀察到葉綠囊膜聚集而形成的葉綠餅結構，且透過紫外光-可見光光譜分析法可以觀察到葉綠囊膜中的葉綠素的光譜結構。

The plants gain nutrients through photosynthesis. The thylakoid membranes inside leaves are the places where photo-synthesis occurs, and the chlorophylls inside the thylakoid membranes play an important role in photosynthesis. They utilize photo-energy to convert water into oxygen, hydronium and electrons. In this research, thin films made of polypropene is painted with silver made conductive stripes and carbon nanotubes. Thylakoid membranes, extracted from leaves, are dropcasted onto carbon nanotubes to manufacture photo-driven devices. Photocurrents with different magnitudes are produced upon illumination-off and -on tests; the former comes from nanotubes and the latter appears to be much greater and is attributed to photocurrent enhancement by thylakoid membranes. Thylakoid membranes aggregate in the form of grana and spectrum of chlorophyll inside the thylakoid membranes can be observed by field emission scan electron microscopy and uv-vis spectrometer.

Abstract………………………………………………………………………………I
摘要………………………………………………………………………………II
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………III
Introduction……………………………………………………………1
1.1 Chlorophyll…………………………………………………………………1
1.2 Chloroplast & Thylakoid Membrane………………………………………3
1.3 Photosynthesis………………………………………………………………5
1.4 Light-dependent reactions…………………………………………………6
1.5 Light-indendent reactions…………………………………………………9
1.6 Extraction of thylakoid membranes………………………………………10
1.7 Measuring the concentration of chlorophyll of the thylakoid solution……11
2.1 Structure of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)……………………………………11
2.2 The electrical properties of CNTs…………………………………………12
3.1 Dropcasting of thylakoid membranes and CNTs…………………………14
Research Motivation…………………………………………………16
Chemicals………………………………………………………………17
Equipment……………………………………………………………18
Experimental procedure………………………………………………19
1. Extraction of thylakoid membranes…………………………………………19
2. Manufacture of photo-driven devices………………………………………21
3. Manufacture of CNTs-acetone solution……………………………………22
4. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) analyses…………25
5. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (uv-vis spectroscopy)……………………26
6. Measurements of photocurrent………………………………………………28
7. Applying of gate voltages…………………………………………………29
8. The light source……………………………………………………………30
Results and discussion…………………………………………………33
1. FE-SEM Analyses…………………………………………………………33
2. The chlorophyll concentration of thylakoid membrane solution……………34
3. Uv-vis spectrum of thylakoid membrane solution…………………………35
4.1 Photocurrent generation by device made of thylakoid membranes and SWCNTs……………………………………………………………………………38
4.2 Photocurrent generation by device made of thylakoid membranes and MWCNTs……………………………………………………………………………41
4.3 The Interaction Between the Thylakoid Membranes and SWCNTs/MWCNTs..
………………………………………………………………………………………46
4.4 Photocurrent generation by devices made of SWCNTs/MWCNTs………49
Conclusion……………………………………………………………52
References………………………………………………………………53

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